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CIE A-Level Physics

Study Notes
1.1.1 Understanding Physical Quantities1.1.2 Estimation of Physical Quantities
1.2.1 Base SI Units1.2.2 Derived SI Units1.2.3 Using SI Units in Equations
1.3.1 Systematic vs. Random Errors1.3.2 Precision vs. Accuracy1.3.3 Assessing Uncertainties
1.4.1 Understanding Scalars and Vectors1.4.2 Vector Operations1.4.3 Component Representation
2.1.1 Distance and Displacement2.1.2 Speed and Velocity2.1.3 Acceleration
2.2.1 Distance and Displacement Graphs2.2.2 Speed and Velocity Graphs2.2.3 Acceleration Graphs
2.3.1 Area Under Velocity-Time Graphs2.3.2 Gradient of Displacement-Time Graphs2.3.3 Gradient of Velocity-Time Graphs
2.4.1 Derivation of Equations2.4.2 Application of Equations
2.5.1 Measuring Free Fall2.5.2 Analysis of Uniform Motion and Acceleration
3.1.1 Concept of Mass
3.2.1 Defining Momentum3.2.2 Force as Change in Momentum
3.3.1 Newton's First Law3.3.2 Newton's Second Law3.3.3 Newton's Third Law
3.4.1 Understanding Weight3.4.2 Gravitational Fields
3.5.1 Nature of Frictional Forces3.5.2 Air Resistance and Drag
3.6.1 Motion in Gravitational Fields3.6.2 Terminal Velocity
3.7.1 Principle of Momentum Conservation3.7.2 Collisions and Interactions3.7.3 Energy Changes in Collisions
4.1.1 Centre of Gravity4.1.2 Moment of a Force4.1.3 Concept of a Couple4.1.4 Torque of a Couple
4.2.1 Principle of Moments4.2.2 Equilibrium Conditions4.2.3 Vector Representation of Forces
4.3.1 Defining Density4.3.2 Defining Pressure4.3.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Equation4.3.4 Application of Hydrostatic Pressure
5.1.1 Work and Energy5.1.2 Conservation of Energy5.1.3 Energy System Efficiency5.1.4 Power5.1.5 Deriving and Using P = Fv
5.2.1 Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)5.2.2 Application of GPE Formula5.2.3 Kinetic Energy (KE) Derivation5.2.4 Application of KE Formula
6.1.1 Deformation under Forces6.1.2 Key Terms in Deformation6.1.3 Hooke's Law6.1.4 Spring Constant (k)6.1.5 Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus6.1.6 Young Modulus Experiment
6.2.1 Elasticity and Plasticity6.2.2 Work Done in Deformation6.2.3 Elastic Potential Energy in Materials6.2.4 Elastic Potential Energy Calculation
7.1.1 Wave Motion7.1.2 Wave Characteristics7.1.3 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope Usage7.1.4 The Wave Equation7.1.5 Energy Transfer7.1.6 Intensity of a Wave
7.2.1 Wave Comparison7.2.2 Graphical Wave Analysis
7.3.1 Understanding the Doppler Effect7.3.2 Doppler Effect Equation
7.4.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves7.4.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Range
7.5.1 Understanding Polarisation7.5.2 Applying Malus's Law
8.1.1 Principle of Superposition in Waves8.1.2 Stationary Waves in Various Mediums8.1.3 Formation and Properties of Stationary Waves8.1.4 Wavelength Determination
8.2.1 Concept of Diffraction8.2.2 Diffraction Experiments
8.3.1 Interference Phenomenon8.3.2 Demonstrating Interference8.3.3 Interference Fringes
8.4.1 Grating Equation Application8.4.2 Wavelength Determination with Gratings
9.1.1 Nature of Electric Current9.1.2 Charge and Current Relationship9.1.3 Current in Conductors
9.2.1 Potential Difference9.2.2 Electrical Power
9.3.1 Resistance Concept in Physics9.3.2 Ohm's Law and I-V Characteristics9.3.3 Resistivity9.3.4 Sensory Resistors
10.1.1 Circuit Symbols and Diagrams10.1.2 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)10.1.3 e.m.f. vs Potential Difference
10.2.1 Kirchhoff’s First Law10.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Second Law10.2.3 Resistors in Series10.2.4 Resistors in Parallel10.2.5 Circuit Problem Solving
10.3.1 Potential Divider Principle10.3.2 Potentiometer Usage10.3.3 Galvanometer in Null Methods10.3.4 Sensory Resistors in Dividers
11.1.1 Atomic Structure Inference11.1.2 Nuclear Atom Model11.1.3 Nucleon vs Proton Number11.1.4 Concept of Isotopes11.1.5 Nuclide Notation11.1.6 Conservation in Nuclear Processes11.1.7 Types of Radiation in Physics11.1.8 Antiparticles11.1.9 Neutrinos in Decay11.1.11 Radioactive Decay Equations11.1.10 Energy in α- and β-Decay11.1.12 Atomic Mass Unit
11.2.1 The Quark Model11.2.2 Protons, Neutrons, and Quarks11.2.3 Hadron Classification11.2.4 Quark Changes in Decay11.2.5 Leptons as Fundamental
12.1.1 Radian and Angular Displacement12.1.2 Angular Speed12.1.3 Linear Velocity and Circular Motion
12.2.1 Nature of Centripetal Acceleration12.2.2 Circular Motion and Angular Speed12.2.3 Calculating Centripetal Acceleration12.2.4 Centripetal Force in Circular Motion
13.1.1 Field of Force and Gravitational Field13.1.2 Field Line Representation
13.2.1 Point Mass Approximation13.2.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation13.2.3 Circular Orbits and Gravitation13.2.4 Geostationary Orbits
13.3.1 Field Strength Equation13.3.2 Constancy of g Near Earth
13.4.1 Defining Gravitational Potential13.4.2 Gravitational Potential Energy
14.1.1 Thermal Equilibrium
14.2.1 Physical Properties for Temperature Measurement14.2.2 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
14.3.1 Specific Heat Capacity14.3.2 Specific Latent Heat
15.1.1 Understanding the Mole
15.2.1 Ideal Gas Behaviour15.2.2 The Boltzmann Constant in Physics
15.3.1 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory15.3.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases: Deriving Pressure and Temperature Relationships15.3.3 Root-Mean-Square Speed in Gases15.3.4 Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature in Gases
16.1.1 Understanding Internal Energy
16.2.1 Work in Thermodynamics16.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
17.1.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Oscillation Terms17.1.2 Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.1.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: Displacement Equation17.1.4 Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.1.5 Analysing SHM Graphs
17.2.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.2.2 Total Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
17.3.1 Understanding Damping in Oscillatory Systems17.3.2 Resonance Phenomenon in Oscillatory Systems
18.1.1 Nature of Electric Fields18.1.2 Forces on Charges in Fields
18.2.1 Uniform Electric Fields18.2.2 Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Electric Fields
18.3.1 Spherical Conductors and Field Equivalence18.3.2 Applying Coulomb’s Law
18.4.1 Electric Field of a Point Charge
18.5.1 Electric Potential: Defining and Measuring18.5.2 Electric Field and Potential Gradient18.5.3 Electric Potential Energy in Fields
19.1.1 Capacitance of Isolated Spherical Conductors19.1.2 Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitors19.1.3 Combined Capacitance: Series and Parallel
19.2.1 Electric Potential Energy and Graphs19.2.2 Energy Stored in Capacitors
19.3.1 Discharging a Capacitor: Graph Analysis19.3.2 Time Constant and Discharge Equations
20.1.1 Nature of Magnetic Fields20.1.2 Magnetic Field Line Mapping
20.2.1 Interaction of Current and Magnetic Fields20.2.2 Applying the Force Equation in Magnetic Fields20.2.3 Magnetic Flux Density Concept
20.3.1 Force on Charges in Motion20.3.2 Magnetic Force Equation20.3.3 The Hall Effect in Physics20.3.4 Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Fields20.3.5 Velocity Selection Techniques
20.4.1 Magnetic Fields due to Currents20.4.2 Forces Between Currents
20.5.1 Electromagnetic Induction: Magnetic Flux20.5.2 Electromagnetic Induction: Induction Experiments20.5.3 Faraday's and Lenz's Laws
21.1.1 Characteristics of Alternating Currents: AC Waveform Parameters21.1.2 Understanding the Sinusoidal Wave Equation in AC21.1.3 Power in AC Circuits21.1.4 RMS vs Peak Values in AC Waveforms
21.2.1 Types of Rectification21.2.2 Half-Wave Rectification Mechanics21.2.3 Full-Wave Rectification Process21.2.4 Implementing Smoothing in Rectification Processes
22.1.1 The Nature of Photons22.1.2 Photon Energy and Frequency21.1.3 Energy and Momentum of a Photon: Photon Momentum
22.2.1 Principles of Photoelectric Emission22.2.2 Photoelectric Equation
22.3.1 Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality22.3.2 Electron Diffraction: Unveiling the Wave Nature of Particles
22.4.1 Discrete Energy Levels in Atoms22.4.2 Calculating Energy Changes in Atoms
23.1.1 Energy-Mass Equivalence23.1.2 Mass Defect and Binding Energy23.1.3 Nuclear Reactions in A-Level Physics23.1.4 Binding Energy Curve23.1.5 Fusion and Fission in Nuclear Physics23.1.6 Energy in Nuclear Reactions
23.2.1 Nature of Radioactive Decay23.2.2 Decay Constant and Activity23.2.3 Radioactive Decay: Half-Life23.2.4 Exponential Decay in Radioactive Materials
24.1.1 Understanding the Piezoelectric Effect and Transducers24.1.2 Ultrasound Imaging in Diagnostics24.1.3 Acoustic Impedance in Ultrasound24.1.4 Intensity Reflection Coefficient24.1.5 Attenuation of Ultrasound in Matter
24.2.1 Production and Use of X-rays: X-ray Generation24.2.2 X-ray Imaging24.2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning
24.3 PET Scanning
25.1.1 Luminosity Concept25.1.2 Inverse Square Law25.1.3 Standard Candles as Distance Indicators25.1.4 Distance Measurement Techniques
25.2.1 Wien's Displacement Law Application25.2.2 Stefan–Boltzmann Law Application25.2.3 Stellar Radii Estimations
25.3.1 Spectral Redshift25.3.2 Redshift Calculation25.3.3 Universe Expansion Evidence25.3.4 Hubble's Law

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