1. Physical Quantities and Units1.1 Physical Quantities0/01.1.1 Understanding Physical Quantities1.1.2 Estimation of Physical Quantities1.2 SI Units0/01.2.1 Base SI Units1.2.2 Derived SI Units1.2.3 Using SI Units in Equations1.3 Errors and Uncertainties0/01.3.1 Systematic vs. Random Errors1.3.2 Precision vs. Accuracy1.3.3 Assessing Uncertainties1.4 Scalars and Vectors0/01.4.1 Understanding Scalars and Vectors1.4.2 Vector Operations1.4.3 Component Representation1. Physical Quantities and Units1.1 Physical Quantities0/01.1.1 Understanding Physical Quantities1.1.2 Estimation of Physical Quantities1.2 SI Units0/01.2.1 Base SI Units1.2.2 Derived SI Units1.2.3 Using SI Units in Equations1.3 Errors and Uncertainties0/01.3.1 Systematic vs. Random Errors1.3.2 Precision vs. Accuracy1.3.3 Assessing Uncertainties1.4 Scalars and Vectors0/01.4.1 Understanding Scalars and Vectors1.4.2 Vector Operations1.4.3 Component Representation2. Kinematics2.1 Defining Motion Terms0/02.1.1 Distance and Displacement2.1.2 Speed and Velocity2.1.3 Acceleration2.2 Graphical Methods in Kinematics0/02.2.1 Distance and Displacement Graphs2.2.2 Speed and Velocity Graphs2.2.3 Acceleration Graphs2.3 Understanding Motion Through Graphs0/02.3.1 Area Under Velocity-Time Graphs2.3.2 Gradient of Displacement-Time Graphs2.3.3 Gradient of Velocity-Time Graphs2.4 Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion0/02.4.1 Derivation of Equations2.4.2 Application of Equations2.5 Experimental Determination of Acceleration0/02.5.1 Measuring Free Fall2.5.2 Analysis of Uniform Motion and Acceleration2. Kinematics2.1 Defining Motion Terms0/02.1.1 Distance and Displacement2.1.2 Speed and Velocity2.1.3 Acceleration2.2 Graphical Methods in Kinematics0/02.2.1 Distance and Displacement Graphs2.2.2 Speed and Velocity Graphs2.2.3 Acceleration Graphs2.3 Understanding Motion Through Graphs0/02.3.1 Area Under Velocity-Time Graphs2.3.2 Gradient of Displacement-Time Graphs2.3.3 Gradient of Velocity-Time Graphs2.4 Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion0/02.4.1 Derivation of Equations2.4.2 Application of Equations2.5 Experimental Determination of Acceleration0/02.5.1 Measuring Free Fall2.5.2 Analysis of Uniform Motion and Acceleration3. Dynamics3.1 Mass and Force0/03.1.1 Concept of Mass3.2 Linear Momentum0/03.2.1 Defining Momentum3.2.2 Force as Change in Momentum3.3 Newton’s Laws of Motion0/03.3.1 Newton's First Law3.3.2 Newton's Second Law3.3.3 Newton's Third Law3.4 Weight and Gravitation0/03.4.1 Understanding Weight3.4.2 Gravitational Fields3.5 Friction and Resistance0/03.5.1 Nature of Frictional Forces3.5.2 Air Resistance and Drag3.6 Motion with Resistance0/03.6.1 Motion in Gravitational Fields3.6.2 Terminal Velocity3.7 Momentum Conservation0/03.7.1 Principle of Momentum Conservation3.7.2 Collisions and Interactions3.7.3 Energy Changes in Collisions3. Dynamics3.1 Mass and Force0/03.1.1 Concept of Mass3.2 Linear Momentum0/03.2.1 Defining Momentum3.2.2 Force as Change in Momentum3.3 Newton’s Laws of Motion0/03.3.1 Newton's First Law3.3.2 Newton's Second Law3.3.3 Newton's Third Law3.4 Weight and Gravitation0/03.4.1 Understanding Weight3.4.2 Gravitational Fields3.5 Friction and Resistance0/03.5.1 Nature of Frictional Forces3.5.2 Air Resistance and Drag3.6 Motion with Resistance0/03.6.1 Motion in Gravitational Fields3.6.2 Terminal Velocity3.7 Momentum Conservation0/03.7.1 Principle of Momentum Conservation3.7.2 Collisions and Interactions3.7.3 Energy Changes in Collisions4. Forces, Density, and Pressure4.1 Turning Effects of Forces0/04.1.1 Centre of Gravity4.1.2 Moment of a Force4.1.3 Concept of a Couple4.1.4 Torque of a Couple4.2 Equilibrium of Forces0/04.2.1 Principle of Moments4.2.2 Equilibrium Conditions4.2.3 Vector Representation of Forces4.3 Density and Pressure0/04.3.1 Defining Density4.3.2 Defining Pressure4.3.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Equation4.3.4 Application of Hydrostatic Pressure4. Forces, Density, and Pressure4.1 Turning Effects of Forces0/04.1.1 Centre of Gravity4.1.2 Moment of a Force4.1.3 Concept of a Couple4.1.4 Torque of a Couple4.2 Equilibrium of Forces0/04.2.1 Principle of Moments4.2.2 Equilibrium Conditions4.2.3 Vector Representation of Forces4.3 Density and Pressure0/04.3.1 Defining Density4.3.2 Defining Pressure4.3.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Equation4.3.4 Application of Hydrostatic Pressure5. Work, Energy, and Power5.1 Energy Conservation0/05.1.1 Work and Energy5.1.2 Conservation of Energy5.1.3 Energy System Efficiency5.1.4 Power5.1.5 Deriving and Using P = Fv5.2 Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy0/05.2.1 Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)5.2.2 Application of GPE Formula5.2.3 Kinetic Energy (KE) Derivation5.2.4 Application of KE Formula5. Work, Energy, and Power5.1 Energy Conservation0/05.1.1 Work and Energy5.1.2 Conservation of Energy5.1.3 Energy System Efficiency5.1.4 Power5.1.5 Deriving and Using P = Fv5.2 Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy0/05.2.1 Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)5.2.2 Application of GPE Formula5.2.3 Kinetic Energy (KE) Derivation5.2.4 Application of KE Formula6. Deformation of SolidsPremium6.1 Stress and Strain0/06.1.1 Deformation under Forces6.1.2 Key Terms in Deformation6.1.3 Hooke's Law6.1.4 Spring Constant (k)6.1.5 Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus6.1.6 Young Modulus Experiment6.2 Elastic and Plastic Behaviour0/06.2.1 Elasticity and Plasticity6.2.2 Work Done in Deformation6.2.3 Elastic Potential Energy in Materials6.2.4 Elastic Potential Energy Calculation6. Deformation of SolidsPremium6.1 Stress and Strain0/06.1.1 Deformation under Forces6.1.2 Key Terms in Deformation6.1.3 Hooke's Law6.1.4 Spring Constant (k)6.1.5 Stress, Strain, and Young's Modulus6.1.6 Young Modulus Experiment6.2 Elastic and Plastic Behaviour0/06.2.1 Elasticity and Plasticity6.2.2 Work Done in Deformation6.2.3 Elastic Potential Energy in Materials6.2.4 Elastic Potential Energy Calculation7. WavesPremium7.1 Progressive Waves0/07.1.1 Wave Motion7.1.2 Wave Characteristics7.1.3 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope Usage7.1.4 The Wave Equation7.1.5 Energy Transfer7.1.6 Intensity of a Wave7.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves0/07.2.1 Wave Comparison7.2.2 Graphical Wave Analysis7.3 Doppler Effect for Sound Waves0/07.3.1 Understanding the Doppler Effect7.3.2 Doppler Effect Equation7.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum0/07.4.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves7.4.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Range7.5 Polarisation0/07.5.1 Understanding Polarisation7.5.2 Applying Malus's Law7. WavesPremium7.1 Progressive Waves0/07.1.1 Wave Motion7.1.2 Wave Characteristics7.1.3 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope Usage7.1.4 The Wave Equation7.1.5 Energy Transfer7.1.6 Intensity of a Wave7.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves0/07.2.1 Wave Comparison7.2.2 Graphical Wave Analysis7.3 Doppler Effect for Sound Waves0/07.3.1 Understanding the Doppler Effect7.3.2 Doppler Effect Equation7.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum0/07.4.1 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves7.4.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Range7.5 Polarisation0/07.5.1 Understanding Polarisation7.5.2 Applying Malus's Law8. SuperpositionPremium8.1 Stationary Waves0/08.1.1 Principle of Superposition in Waves8.1.2 Stationary Waves in Various Mediums8.1.3 Formation and Properties of Stationary Waves8.1.4 Wavelength Determination8.2 Diffraction0/08.2.1 Concept of Diffraction8.2.2 Diffraction Experiments8.3 Interference0/08.3.1 Interference Phenomenon8.3.2 Demonstrating Interference8.3.3 Interference Fringes8.4 Diffraction Grating0/08.4.1 Grating Equation Application8.4.2 Wavelength Determination with Gratings8. SuperpositionPremium8.1 Stationary Waves0/08.1.1 Principle of Superposition in Waves8.1.2 Stationary Waves in Various Mediums8.1.3 Formation and Properties of Stationary Waves8.1.4 Wavelength Determination8.2 Diffraction0/08.2.1 Concept of Diffraction8.2.2 Diffraction Experiments8.3 Interference0/08.3.1 Interference Phenomenon8.3.2 Demonstrating Interference8.3.3 Interference Fringes8.4 Diffraction Grating0/08.4.1 Grating Equation Application8.4.2 Wavelength Determination with Gratings9. ElectricityPremium9.1 Electric Current0/09.1.1 Nature of Electric Current9.1.2 Charge and Current Relationship9.1.3 Current in Conductors9.2 Potential Difference and Power0/09.2.1 Potential Difference9.2.2 Electrical Power9.3 Resistance and Resistivity0/09.3.1 Resistance Concept in Physics9.3.2 Ohm's Law and I-V Characteristics9.3.3 Resistivity9.3.4 Sensory Resistors9. ElectricityPremium9.1 Electric Current0/09.1.1 Nature of Electric Current9.1.2 Charge and Current Relationship9.1.3 Current in Conductors9.2 Potential Difference and Power0/09.2.1 Potential Difference9.2.2 Electrical Power9.3 Resistance and Resistivity0/09.3.1 Resistance Concept in Physics9.3.2 Ohm's Law and I-V Characteristics9.3.3 Resistivity9.3.4 Sensory Resistors10. D.C. CircuitsPremium10.1 Practical Circuits0/010.1.1 Circuit Symbols and Diagrams10.1.2 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)10.1.3 e.m.f. vs Potential Difference10.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws0/010.2.1 Kirchhoff’s First Law10.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Second Law10.2.3 Resistors in Series10.2.4 Resistors in Parallel10.2.5 Circuit Problem Solving10.3 Potential Dividers0/010.3.1 Potential Divider Principle10.3.2 Potentiometer Usage10.3.3 Galvanometer in Null Methods10.3.4 Sensory Resistors in Dividers10. D.C. CircuitsPremium10.1 Practical Circuits0/010.1.1 Circuit Symbols and Diagrams10.1.2 Electromotive Force (e.m.f.)10.1.3 e.m.f. vs Potential Difference10.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws0/010.2.1 Kirchhoff’s First Law10.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Second Law10.2.3 Resistors in Series10.2.4 Resistors in Parallel10.2.5 Circuit Problem Solving10.3 Potential Dividers0/010.3.1 Potential Divider Principle10.3.2 Potentiometer Usage10.3.3 Galvanometer in Null Methods10.3.4 Sensory Resistors in Dividers11. Particle PhysicsPremium11.1 Atoms, Nuclei, and Radiation0/011.1.1 Atomic Structure Inference11.1.2 Nuclear Atom Model11.1.3 Nucleon vs Proton Number11.1.4 Concept of Isotopes11.1.5 Nuclide Notation11.1.6 Conservation in Nuclear Processes11.1.7 Types of Radiation in Physics11.1.8 Antiparticles11.1.9 Neutrinos in Decay11.1.11 Radioactive Decay Equations11.1.10 Energy in α- and β-Decay11.1.12 Atomic Mass Unit11.2 Fundamental Particles0/011.2.1 The Quark Model11.2.2 Protons, Neutrons, and Quarks11.2.3 Hadron Classification11.2.4 Quark Changes in Decay11.2.5 Leptons as Fundamental 11. Particle PhysicsPremium11.1 Atoms, Nuclei, and Radiation0/011.1.1 Atomic Structure Inference11.1.2 Nuclear Atom Model11.1.3 Nucleon vs Proton Number11.1.4 Concept of Isotopes11.1.5 Nuclide Notation11.1.6 Conservation in Nuclear Processes11.1.7 Types of Radiation in Physics11.1.8 Antiparticles11.1.9 Neutrinos in Decay11.1.11 Radioactive Decay Equations11.1.10 Energy in α- and β-Decay11.1.12 Atomic Mass Unit11.2 Fundamental Particles0/011.2.1 The Quark Model11.2.2 Protons, Neutrons, and Quarks11.2.3 Hadron Classification11.2.4 Quark Changes in Decay11.2.5 Leptons as Fundamental 12. Motion in a Circle (A Level)12.1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion0/012.1.1 Radian and Angular Displacement12.1.2 Angular Speed12.1.3 Linear Velocity and Circular Motion12.2 Centripetal Acceleration0/012.2.1 Nature of Centripetal Acceleration12.2.2 Circular Motion and Angular Speed12.2.3 Calculating Centripetal Acceleration12.2.4 Centripetal Force in Circular Motion12. Motion in a Circle (A Level)12.1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion0/012.1.1 Radian and Angular Displacement12.1.2 Angular Speed12.1.3 Linear Velocity and Circular Motion12.2 Centripetal Acceleration0/012.2.1 Nature of Centripetal Acceleration12.2.2 Circular Motion and Angular Speed12.2.3 Calculating Centripetal Acceleration12.2.4 Centripetal Force in Circular Motion13. Gravitational Fields (A level)13.1 Gravitational Field0/013.1.1 Field of Force and Gravitational Field13.1.2 Field Line Representation13.2 Gravitational Force between Point Masses0/013.2.1 Point Mass Approximation13.2.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation13.2.3 Circular Orbits and Gravitation13.2.4 Geostationary Orbits13.3 Gravitational Field of a Point Mass0/013.3.1 Field Strength Equation13.3.2 Constancy of g Near Earth13.4 Gravitational Potential0/013.4.1 Defining Gravitational Potential13.4.2 Gravitational Potential Energy13. Gravitational Fields (A level)13.1 Gravitational Field0/013.1.1 Field of Force and Gravitational Field13.1.2 Field Line Representation13.2 Gravitational Force between Point Masses0/013.2.1 Point Mass Approximation13.2.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation13.2.3 Circular Orbits and Gravitation13.2.4 Geostationary Orbits13.3 Gravitational Field of a Point Mass0/013.3.1 Field Strength Equation13.3.2 Constancy of g Near Earth13.4 Gravitational Potential0/013.4.1 Defining Gravitational Potential13.4.2 Gravitational Potential Energy14. Temperature (A Level)14.1 Thermal Equilibrium0/014.1.1 Thermal Equilibrium14.2 Temperature Scales0/014.2.1 Physical Properties for Temperature Measurement14.2.2 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale14.3 Specific Heat Capacity and Specific Latent Heat0/014.3.1 Specific Heat Capacity14.3.2 Specific Latent Heat14. Temperature (A Level)14.1 Thermal Equilibrium0/014.1.1 Thermal Equilibrium14.2 Temperature Scales0/014.2.1 Physical Properties for Temperature Measurement14.2.2 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale14.3 Specific Heat Capacity and Specific Latent Heat0/014.3.1 Specific Heat Capacity14.3.2 Specific Latent Heat15. Ideal Gases (A Level)15.1 The Mole0/015.1.1 Understanding the Mole15.2 Equation of State0/015.2.1 Ideal Gas Behaviour15.2.2 The Boltzmann Constant in Physics15.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases0/015.3.1 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory15.3.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases: Deriving Pressure and Temperature Relationships15.3.3 Root-Mean-Square Speed in Gases15.3.4 Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature in Gases15. Ideal Gases (A Level)15.1 The Mole0/015.1.1 Understanding the Mole15.2 Equation of State0/015.2.1 Ideal Gas Behaviour15.2.2 The Boltzmann Constant in Physics15.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases0/015.3.1 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory15.3.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases: Deriving Pressure and Temperature Relationships15.3.3 Root-Mean-Square Speed in Gases15.3.4 Average Kinetic Energy and Temperature in Gases16. Thermodynamics (A Level)16.1 Internal Energy0/016.1.1 Understanding Internal Energy16.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics0/016.2.1 Work in Thermodynamics16.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics16. Thermodynamics (A Level)16.1 Internal Energy0/016.1.1 Understanding Internal Energy16.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics0/016.2.1 Work in Thermodynamics16.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics17. Oscillations (A Level)17.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillations0/017.1.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Oscillation Terms17.1.2 Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.1.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: Displacement Equation17.1.4 Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.1.5 Analysing SHM Graphs17.2 Energy in SHM0/017.2.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.2.2 Total Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.3 Damped and Forced Oscillations, Resonance0/017.3.1 Understanding Damping in Oscillatory Systems17.3.2 Resonance Phenomenon in Oscillatory Systems17. Oscillations (A Level)17.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillations0/017.1.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillations: Oscillation Terms17.1.2 Acceleration in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.1.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: Displacement Equation17.1.4 Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.1.5 Analysing SHM Graphs17.2 Energy in SHM0/017.2.1 Kinetic and Potential Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.2.2 Total Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)17.3 Damped and Forced Oscillations, Resonance0/017.3.1 Understanding Damping in Oscillatory Systems17.3.2 Resonance Phenomenon in Oscillatory Systems18. Electric Fields (A Level)18.1 Electric Fields and Field Lines0/018.1.1 Nature of Electric Fields18.1.2 Forces on Charges in Fields18.2 Uniform Electric Fields0/018.2.1 Uniform Electric Fields18.2.2 Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Electric Fields18.3 Electric Force between Point Charges0/018.3.1 Spherical Conductors and Field Equivalence18.3.2 Applying Coulomb’s Law18.4 Electric Field of a Point Charge0/018.4.1 Electric Field of a Point Charge18.5 Electric Potential0/018.5.1 Electric Potential: Defining and Measuring18.5.2 Electric Field and Potential Gradient18.5.3 Electric Potential Energy in Fields18. Electric Fields (A Level)18.1 Electric Fields and Field Lines0/018.1.1 Nature of Electric Fields18.1.2 Forces on Charges in Fields18.2 Uniform Electric Fields0/018.2.1 Uniform Electric Fields18.2.2 Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Electric Fields18.3 Electric Force between Point Charges0/018.3.1 Spherical Conductors and Field Equivalence18.3.2 Applying Coulomb’s Law18.4 Electric Field of a Point Charge0/018.4.1 Electric Field of a Point Charge18.5 Electric Potential0/018.5.1 Electric Potential: Defining and Measuring18.5.2 Electric Field and Potential Gradient18.5.3 Electric Potential Energy in Fields19. Capacitance (A Level)Premium19.1 Capacitors and Capacitance0/019.1.1 Capacitance of Isolated Spherical Conductors19.1.2 Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitors19.1.3 Combined Capacitance: Series and Parallel19.2 Energy Stored in a Capacitor0/019.2.1 Electric Potential Energy and Graphs19.2.2 Energy Stored in Capacitors19.3 Discharging a Capacitor0/019.3.1 Discharging a Capacitor: Graph Analysis19.3.2 Time Constant and Discharge Equations19. Capacitance (A Level)Premium19.1 Capacitors and Capacitance0/019.1.1 Capacitance of Isolated Spherical Conductors19.1.2 Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitors19.1.3 Combined Capacitance: Series and Parallel19.2 Energy Stored in a Capacitor0/019.2.1 Electric Potential Energy and Graphs19.2.2 Energy Stored in Capacitors19.3 Discharging a Capacitor0/019.3.1 Discharging a Capacitor: Graph Analysis19.3.2 Time Constant and Discharge Equations20. Magnetic Fields (A Level)Premium20.1 Concept of a Magnetic Field0/020.1.1 Nature of Magnetic Fields20.1.2 Magnetic Field Line Mapping20.2 Force on a Current-carrying Conductor0/020.2.1 Interaction of Current and Magnetic Fields20.2.2 Applying the Force Equation in Magnetic Fields20.2.3 Magnetic Flux Density Concept20.3 Force on a Moving Charge0/020.3.1 Force on Charges in Motion20.3.2 Magnetic Force Equation20.3.3 The Hall Effect in Physics20.3.4 Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Fields20.3.5 Velocity Selection Techniques20.4 Magnetic Fields due to Currents0/020.4.1 Magnetic Fields due to Currents20.4.2 Forces Between Currents20.5 Electromagnetic Induction0/020.5.1 Electromagnetic Induction: Magnetic Flux20.5.2 Electromagnetic Induction: Induction Experiments20.5.3 Faraday's and Lenz's Laws20. Magnetic Fields (A Level)Premium20.1 Concept of a Magnetic Field0/020.1.1 Nature of Magnetic Fields20.1.2 Magnetic Field Line Mapping20.2 Force on a Current-carrying Conductor0/020.2.1 Interaction of Current and Magnetic Fields20.2.2 Applying the Force Equation in Magnetic Fields20.2.3 Magnetic Flux Density Concept20.3 Force on a Moving Charge0/020.3.1 Force on Charges in Motion20.3.2 Magnetic Force Equation20.3.3 The Hall Effect in Physics20.3.4 Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Fields20.3.5 Velocity Selection Techniques20.4 Magnetic Fields due to Currents0/020.4.1 Magnetic Fields due to Currents20.4.2 Forces Between Currents20.5 Electromagnetic Induction0/020.5.1 Electromagnetic Induction: Magnetic Flux20.5.2 Electromagnetic Induction: Induction Experiments20.5.3 Faraday's and Lenz's Laws21. Alternating Currents (A Level)Premium21.1 Characteristics of Alternating Currents0/021.1.1 Characteristics of Alternating Currents: AC Waveform Parameters21.1.2 Understanding the Sinusoidal Wave Equation in AC21.1.3 Power in AC Circuits21.1.4 RMS vs Peak Values in AC Waveforms21.2 Rectification and Smoothing0/021.2.1 Types of Rectification21.2.2 Half-Wave Rectification Mechanics21.2.3 Full-Wave Rectification Process21.2.4 Implementing Smoothing in Rectification Processes21. Alternating Currents (A Level)Premium21.1 Characteristics of Alternating Currents0/021.1.1 Characteristics of Alternating Currents: AC Waveform Parameters21.1.2 Understanding the Sinusoidal Wave Equation in AC21.1.3 Power in AC Circuits21.1.4 RMS vs Peak Values in AC Waveforms21.2 Rectification and Smoothing0/021.2.1 Types of Rectification21.2.2 Half-Wave Rectification Mechanics21.2.3 Full-Wave Rectification Process21.2.4 Implementing Smoothing in Rectification Processes22. Quantum Physics (A Level)Premium22.1 Energy and Momentum of a Photon0/022.1.1 The Nature of Photons22.1.2 Photon Energy and Frequency21.1.3 Energy and Momentum of a Photon: Photon Momentum22.2 Photoelectric Effect0/022.2.1 Principles of Photoelectric Emission22.2.2 Photoelectric Equation22.3 Wave-Particle Duality0/022.3.1 Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality22.3.2 Electron Diffraction: Unveiling the Wave Nature of Particles22.4 Energy Levels in Atoms and Line Spectra0/022.4.1 Discrete Energy Levels in Atoms22.4.2 Calculating Energy Changes in Atoms22. Quantum Physics (A Level)Premium22.1 Energy and Momentum of a Photon0/022.1.1 The Nature of Photons22.1.2 Photon Energy and Frequency21.1.3 Energy and Momentum of a Photon: Photon Momentum22.2 Photoelectric Effect0/022.2.1 Principles of Photoelectric Emission22.2.2 Photoelectric Equation22.3 Wave-Particle Duality0/022.3.1 Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality22.3.2 Electron Diffraction: Unveiling the Wave Nature of Particles22.4 Energy Levels in Atoms and Line Spectra0/022.4.1 Discrete Energy Levels in Atoms22.4.2 Calculating Energy Changes in Atoms23. Nuclear Physics (A Level)Premium23.1 Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy0/023.1.1 Energy-Mass Equivalence23.1.2 Mass Defect and Binding Energy23.1.3 Nuclear Reactions in A-Level Physics23.1.4 Binding Energy Curve23.1.5 Fusion and Fission in Nuclear Physics23.1.6 Energy in Nuclear Reactions23.2 Radioactive Decay0/023.2.1 Nature of Radioactive Decay23.2.2 Decay Constant and Activity23.2.3 Radioactive Decay: Half-Life23.2.4 Exponential Decay in Radioactive Materials23. Nuclear Physics (A Level)Premium23.1 Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy0/023.1.1 Energy-Mass Equivalence23.1.2 Mass Defect and Binding Energy23.1.3 Nuclear Reactions in A-Level Physics23.1.4 Binding Energy Curve23.1.5 Fusion and Fission in Nuclear Physics23.1.6 Energy in Nuclear Reactions23.2 Radioactive Decay0/023.2.1 Nature of Radioactive Decay23.2.2 Decay Constant and Activity23.2.3 Radioactive Decay: Half-Life23.2.4 Exponential Decay in Radioactive Materials24. Medical Physics (A Level)Premium24.1 Production and Use of Ultrasound0/024.1.1 Understanding the Piezoelectric Effect and Transducers24.1.2 Ultrasound Imaging in Diagnostics24.1.3 Acoustic Impedance in Ultrasound24.1.4 Intensity Reflection Coefficient24.1.5 Attenuation of Ultrasound in Matter24.2 Production and Use of X-rays0/024.2.1 Production and Use of X-rays: X-ray Generation24.2.2 X-ray Imaging24.2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning24.3 PET Scanning0/024. Medical Physics (A Level)Premium24.1 Production and Use of Ultrasound0/024.1.1 Understanding the Piezoelectric Effect and Transducers24.1.2 Ultrasound Imaging in Diagnostics24.1.3 Acoustic Impedance in Ultrasound24.1.4 Intensity Reflection Coefficient24.1.5 Attenuation of Ultrasound in Matter24.2 Production and Use of X-rays0/024.2.1 Production and Use of X-rays: X-ray Generation24.2.2 X-ray Imaging24.2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning24.3 PET Scanning25. Astronomy and Cosmology (A Level)Premium25.1 Standard Candles0/025.1.1 Luminosity Concept25.1.2 Inverse Square Law25.1.3 Standard Candles as Distance Indicators25.1.4 Distance Measurement Techniques25.2 Stellar Radii0/025.2.1 Wien's Displacement Law Application25.2.2 Stefan–Boltzmann Law Application25.2.3 Stellar Radii Estimations25.3 Hubble’s Law and the Big Bang Theory0/025.3.1 Spectral Redshift25.3.2 Redshift Calculation25.3.3 Universe Expansion Evidence25.3.4 Hubble's Law25. Astronomy and Cosmology (A Level)Premium25.1 Standard Candles0/025.1.1 Luminosity Concept25.1.2 Inverse Square Law25.1.3 Standard Candles as Distance Indicators25.1.4 Distance Measurement Techniques25.2 Stellar Radii0/025.2.1 Wien's Displacement Law Application25.2.2 Stefan–Boltzmann Law Application25.2.3 Stellar Radii Estimations25.3 Hubble’s Law and the Big Bang Theory0/025.3.1 Spectral Redshift25.3.2 Redshift Calculation25.3.3 Universe Expansion Evidence25.3.4 Hubble's Law