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IBDP Biology

Study Notes
1.1.1 Cell Theory1.1.2 Unicellular Organisms1.1.3 Cell Size1.1.4 Multicellular Organisms1.1.5 Cell Differentiation1.1.6 Stem Cells
1.2.1 Prokaryotes1.2.2 Eukaryotes1.2.3 Electron Microscopes
1.3.1 Phospholipids1.3.2 Membrane Proteins1.3.3 Cholesterol
1.4.1 Diffusion1.4.2 Osmosis1.4.3 Active Transport1.4.4 Endocytosis1.4.5 Exocytosis
1.5.1 Cell Division1.5.2 Origin of First Cells1.5.3 Endosymbiotic Theory
1.6.1 Mitosis1.6.2 Chromosomes1.6.3 Cytokinesis1.6.4 Interphase1.6.5 Cyclins1.6.6 Mutagens, Oncogenes, and Metastasis
2.1.1 Introduction to Molecular Biology2.1.2 Water2.1.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
2.2.1 DNA Structure2.2.2 RNA Structure2.2.3 DNA Replication
2.3.1 Transcription2.3.2 Translation2.3.3 Protein Structure
2.4.1 Anaerobic Respiration2.4.2 Anaerobic Respiration
2.5.1 Light-dependent Reactions in Photosynthesis2.5.2 Light-independent Reactions
2.6.1 Amino Acids2.6.2 Proteins2.6.3 Enzymes
2.7.1 Bioinformatics2.7.2 Genomics2.7.3 Proteomics
3.1.1 Genes3.1.2 Alleles3.1.3 Genome
3.2.1 Chromosome Structure3.2.2 Karyotyping3.2.3 Sex Determination
3.3.1 Meiosis3.3.2 Genetic Variation
3.4.1 Mendelian Genetics3.4.2 Co-dominance and Multiple Alleles3.4.3 Polygenic Inheritance
3.5.1 Genetic Engineering3.5.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)3.5.3 Gel Electrophoresis3.5.4 DNA Profiling
4.1.1 Ecology Definition4.1.2 Levels of Biological Organization4.1.3 Species and Reproductive Isolation4.1.4 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition in Species4.1.5 Consumers, Detritivores, and Saprotrophs4.1.6 Autotrophs and Inorganic Nutrient Acquisition
4.2.1 Population Dynamics4.2.2 Population Growth4.2.3 Carrying Capacity
4.3.1 Interactions Between Species4.3.2 Energy Flow in Ecosystems4.3.3 Heat Loss and Energy Limitations in Trophic Levels4.3.4 Nutrient Cycles4.3.5 Carbon Cycling
4.4.1 Biodiversity4.4.2 Threats to Biodiversity4.4.3 Conservation Strategies
4.5.1 Causes of Climate Change4.5.2 Greenhouse Gases and Their Impact4.5.3 Other Greenhouse Gases and Factors Influencing Impact4.5.4 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Temperature Patterns4.5.5 Human Activities and Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels4.5.6 Mitigation and Adaptation
5.1.1 Darwin's Theory5.1.2 Natural Selection5.1.3 Evidence of Evolution
5.2.1 Speciation5.2.2 Barriers to Gene Flow
5.3.1 Phylogenetic Trees5.3.2 Cladistics
5.4.1 Hominin Evolution5.4.2 Human Impact on Biodiversity
5.5.1 Measuring Biodiversity5.5.2 Importance of Biodiversity5.5.3 Conservation of Biodiversity
6.1.1 Structure and Function of Digestive System6.1.2 Intestinal Contractions6.1.3 Enzymatic Digestion6.1.4 Villi Structure and Function
6.2.1 Structure and Function of Heart6.2.2 Arteries and Blood Pressure6.2.3 Capillaries and Tissue Exchange6.2.4 Veins and Blood Return6.2.5 Circulation in the Lungs6.2.6 Cardiac Conduction System6.2.7 Blood Composition and Function
6.3.1 Pathogens and Disease6.3.2 The Immune System6.3.3 Vaccinations and Antibiotics6.3.4 Physical Barriers and Blood Clotting6.3.5 Phagocytic White Blood Cells
6.4.1 Structure and Function of the Respiratory System6.4.2 Mechanics of Breathing6.4.3 Gas Exchange in Alveoli
6.5.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System6.5.2 Neuronal Impulses and Action Potentials6.5.3 Resting and Action Potentials6.5.4 Nerve Impulse Propagation and Synapses
6.6.1 Hormonal Control6.6.2 Blood Glucose Regulation and Hormones6.6.3 Hormones and Appetite Regulation6.6.4 Structure and Function of the Reproductive System6.6.5 Sexual Development and Reproduction6.6.6 Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle6.6.7 Fertilisation and Pregnancy
7.1.1 Components of DNA7.1.2 Double Helix Model7.1.3 Base Pairing in DNA
7.2.1 Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication7.2.2 Role of Enzymes7.2.3 DNA Replication Process
7.3 Transcription
7.4.1 Translation: From RNA to Protein7.4.2 Role of tRNA in Translation7.4.3 Process of Translation
7.5.1 Role of Promoter and Regulatory Sequences7.5.2 Regulation of Transcription and Translation7.5.3 Examples of Gene Expression
8.1.1 Metabolic Pathways8.1.2 Enzymes8.1.3 Energy in Metabolism8.1.4 End-Product Inhibition
8.2.1 Glycolysis and ATP Production8.2.2 Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle8.2.3 Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis8.2.4 Oxygen's Role and Mitochondrial Structure
8.3.1 Light-dependent Reactions8.3.2 Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)8.3.3 Structure and Function of Chloroplasts8.3.4 Photosystems and Chlorophyll
9.1.1 Transpiration9.1.2 Transport of Water in Plants9.1.3 Cohesion-Tension Theory in Plant Water Transport9.1.4 Water Properties and Leaf Cell Walls9.1.5 Active Uptake of Mineral Ions
9.2.1 Organic Compound Transport9.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients 9.2.3 Active Transport in Phloem9.2.4 Water Uptake in the Phloem
9.3.1 Undifferentiated Cells in Plant Growth9.3.2 Mitosis and Cell Division in Plant Growth9.3.3 Plant Hormones9.3.4 Plant Tropisms9.3.5 Auxin Efflux Pumps9.3.6 Auxin and Cell Growth Rates
9.4.1 Flowering in Plants9.4.2 Photoperiodism9.4.3 Plant Reproduction9.4.4 Mutualistic Relationships in Flowering Plants
10.1.1 Chromosome Replication in Interphase10.1.2 Crossing Over and Exchange of DNA in Meiosis10.1.3 New Allele Combinations Due to Crossing Over10.1.4 Chiasmata Formation and Allele Exchange10.1.5 Homologous Chromosome Separation in Meiosis I10.1.6 Sister Chromatid Separation in Meiosis II
10.2 Inheritance
10.3.1 Introduction to Gene Pool10.3.2 Requirement of Allele Frequency Change for Evolution10.3.3 Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms10.3.4 Gradual Speciation Due to Population Divergence
11.1.1 Antigens11.1.2 Pathogens and Species Barriers11.1.3 B Lymphocytes Activation11.1.4 Plasma Cells and Memory Cells11.1.5 Antibody Secretion and Pathogen Destruction11.1.6 Histamine and Allergies11.1.7 Vaccines and Immunity11.1.8 Hybridoma Cells and Monoclonal Antibodies
11.2.1 Bones, Exoskeletons, and Levers11.2.2 Synovial Joints11.2.3 Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fibres11.2.4 Role of Myofibrils and Sarcomeres in Muscle Contraction11.2.5 Actin and Myosin in Muscle Contraction11.2.6 Role of ATP, Calcium Ions, and Proteins in Muscle Contractions
11.3.1 Osmoregulators vs osmoconformers11.3.2 Malpighian Tubule System and Kidney Function11.3.3 Blood Composition in Renal Artery and Vein11.3.4 Ultrastructure of the Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule11.3.5 Selective Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule11.3.6 The Loop of Henle and Hypertonic Conditions11.3.7 Role of ADH in Water Reabsorption11.3.8 Correlation of Loop of Henle Length with Water Conservation11.3.9 Correlation of Type of Nitrogenous Waste with Evolutionary History and Habitat
11.4.1 Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis11.4.2 Different Numbers of Gametes and Cytoplasm Amounts11.4.3 Internal and External Fertilisation11.4.4 Polyspermy Prevention Mechanisms11.4.5 Implantation of the Blastocyst11.4.6 Role of HCG in Early Pregnancy11.4.7 The Placenta and Material Exchange11.4.8 Hormonal Secretion by the Placenta11.4.9 Birth and Positive Feedback

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