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IBDP Biology

Study Notes
1.1.1 Cell Theory
1.1.2 Unicellular Organisms
1.1.3 Cell Size
1.1.4 Multicellular Organisms
1.1.5 Cell Differentiation
1.1.6 Stem Cells
1.2.1 Prokaryotes
1.2.2 Eukaryotes
1.2.3 Electron Microscopes
1.3.1 Phospholipids
1.3.2 Membrane Proteins
1.3.3 Cholesterol
1.4.1 Diffusion
1.4.2 Osmosis
1.4.3 Active Transport
1.4.4 Endocytosis
1.4.5 Exocytosis
1.5.1 Cell Division
1.5.2 Origin of First Cells
1.5.3 Endosymbiotic Theory
1.6.1 Mitosis
1.6.2 Chromosomes
1.6.3 Cytokinesis
1.6.4 Interphase
1.6.5 Cyclins
1.6.6 Mutagens, Oncogenes, and Metastasis
2.1.1 Introduction to Molecular Biology
2.1.2 Water
2.1.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
2.2.1 DNA Structure
2.2.2 RNA Structure
2.2.3 DNA Replication
2.3.1 Transcription
2.3.2 Translation
2.3.3 Protein Structure
2.4.1 Anaerobic Respiration
2.4.2 Anaerobic Respiration
2.5.1 Light-dependent Reactions in Photosynthesis
2.5.2 Light-independent Reactions
2.6.1 Amino Acids
2.6.2 Proteins
2.6.3 Enzymes
2.7.1 Bioinformatics
2.7.2 Genomics
2.7.3 Proteomics
3.1.1 Genes
3.1.2 Alleles
3.1.3 Genome
3.2.1 Chromosome Structure
3.2.2 Karyotyping
3.2.3 Sex Determination
3.3.1 Meiosis
3.3.2 Genetic Variation
3.4.1 Mendelian Genetics
3.4.2 Co-dominance and Multiple Alleles
3.4.3 Polygenic Inheritance
3.5.1 Genetic Engineering
3.5.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
3.5.3 Gel Electrophoresis
3.5.4 DNA Profiling
4.1.1 Ecology Definition
4.1.2 Levels of Biological Organization
4.1.3 Species and Reproductive Isolation
4.1.4 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition in Species
4.1.5 Consumers, Detritivores, and Saprotrophs
4.1.6 Autotrophs and Inorganic Nutrient Acquisition
4.2.1 Population Dynamics
4.2.2 Population Growth
4.2.3 Carrying Capacity
4.3.1 Interactions Between Species
4.3.2 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
4.3.3 Heat Loss and Energy Limitations in Trophic Levels
4.3.4 Nutrient Cycles
4.3.5 Carbon Cycling
4.4.1 Biodiversity
4.4.2 Threats to Biodiversity
4.4.3 Conservation Strategies
4.5.1 Causes of Climate Change
4.5.2 Greenhouse Gases and Their Impact
4.5.3 Other Greenhouse Gases and Factors Influencing Impact
4.5.4 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Temperature Patterns
4.5.5 Human Activities and Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels
4.5.6 Mitigation and Adaptation
5.1.1 Darwin's Theory
5.1.2 Natural Selection
5.1.3 Evidence of Evolution
5.2.1 Speciation
5.2.2 Barriers to Gene Flow
5.3.1 Phylogenetic Trees
5.3.2 Cladistics
5.4.1 Hominin Evolution
5.4.2 Human Impact on Biodiversity
5.5.1 Measuring Biodiversity
5.5.2 Importance of Biodiversity
5.5.3 Conservation of Biodiversity
6.1.1 Structure and Function of Digestive System
6.1.2 Intestinal Contractions
6.1.3 Enzymatic Digestion
6.1.4 Villi Structure and Function
6.2.1 Structure and Function of Heart
6.2.2 Arteries and Blood Pressure
6.2.3 Capillaries and Tissue Exchange
6.2.4 Veins and Blood Return
6.2.5 Circulation in the Lungs
6.2.6 Cardiac Conduction System
6.2.7 Blood Composition and Function
6.3.1 Pathogens and Disease
6.3.2 The Immune System
6.3.3 Vaccinations and Antibiotics
6.3.4 Physical Barriers and Blood Clotting
6.3.5 Phagocytic White Blood Cells
6.4.1 Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
6.4.2 Mechanics of Breathing
6.4.3 Gas Exchange in Alveoli
6.5.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System
6.5.2 Neuronal Impulses and Action Potentials
6.5.3 Resting and Action Potentials
6.5.4 Nerve Impulse Propagation and Synapses
6.6.1 Hormonal Control
6.6.2 Blood Glucose Regulation and Hormones
6.6.3 Hormones and Appetite Regulation
6.6.4 Structure and Function of the Reproductive System
6.6.5 Sexual Development and Reproduction
6.6.6 Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
6.6.7 Fertilisation and Pregnancy
7.1.1 Components of DNA
7.1.2 Double Helix Model
7.1.3 Base Pairing in DNA
7.2.1 Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
7.2.2 Role of Enzymes
7.2.3 DNA Replication Process
7.3 Transcription
7.4.1 Translation: From RNA to Protein
7.4.2 Role of tRNA in Translation
7.4.3 Process of Translation
7.5.1 Role of Promoter and Regulatory Sequences
7.5.2 Regulation of Transcription and Translation
7.5.3 Examples of Gene Expression
8.1.1 Metabolic Pathways
8.1.2 Enzymes
8.1.3 Energy in Metabolism
8.1.4 End-Product Inhibition
8.2.1 Glycolysis and ATP Production
8.2.2 Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle
8.2.3 Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis
8.2.4 Oxygen's Role and Mitochondrial Structure
8.3.1 Light-dependent Reactions
8.3.2 Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
8.3.3 Structure and Function of Chloroplasts
8.3.4 Photosystems and Chlorophyll
9.1.1 Transpiration
9.1.2 Transport of Water in Plants
9.1.3 Cohesion-Tension Theory in Plant Water Transport
9.1.4 Water Properties and Leaf Cell Walls
9.1.5 Active Uptake of Mineral Ions
9.2.1 Organic Compound Transport
9.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients
9.2.3 Active Transport in Phloem
9.2.4 Water Uptake in the Phloem
9.3.1 Undifferentiated Cells in Plant Growth
9.3.2 Mitosis and Cell Division in Plant Growth
9.3.3 Plant Hormones
9.3.4 Plant Tropisms
9.3.5 Auxin Efflux Pumps
9.3.6 Auxin and Cell Growth Rates
9.4.1 Flowering in Plants
9.4.2 Photoperiodism
9.4.3 Plant Reproduction
9.4.4 Mutualistic Relationships in Flowering Plants
10.1.1 Chromosome Replication in Interphase
10.1.2 Crossing Over and Exchange of DNA in Meiosis
10.1.3 New Allele Combinations Due to Crossing Over
10.1.4 Chiasmata Formation and Allele Exchange
10.1.5 Homologous Chromosome Separation in Meiosis I
10.1.6 Sister Chromatid Separation in Meiosis II
10.2 Inheritance
10.3.1 Introduction to Gene Pool
10.3.2 Requirement of Allele Frequency Change for Evolution
10.3.3 Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms
10.3.4 Gradual Speciation Due to Population Divergence
11.1.1 Antigens
11.1.2 Pathogens and Species Barriers
11.1.3 B Lymphocytes Activation
11.1.4 Plasma Cells and Memory Cells
11.1.5 Antibody Secretion and Pathogen Destruction
11.1.6 Histamine and Allergies
11.1.7 Vaccines and Immunity
11.1.8 Hybridoma Cells and Monoclonal Antibodies
11.2.1 Bones, Exoskeletons, and Levers
11.2.2 Synovial Joints
11.2.3 Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fibres
11.2.4 Role of Myofibrils and Sarcomeres in Muscle Contraction
11.2.5 Actin and Myosin in Muscle Contraction
11.2.6 Role of ATP, Calcium Ions, and Proteins in Muscle Contractions
11.3.1 Osmoregulators vs osmoconformers
11.3.2 Malpighian Tubule System and Kidney Function
11.3.3 Blood Composition in Renal Artery and Vein
11.3.4 Ultrastructure of the Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
11.3.5 Selective Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
11.3.6 The Loop of Henle and Hypertonic Conditions
11.3.7 Role of ADH in Water Reabsorption
11.3.8 Correlation of Loop of Henle Length with Water Conservation
11.3.9 Correlation of Type of Nitrogenous Waste with Evolutionary History and Habitat
11.4.1 Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
11.4.2 Different Numbers of Gametes and Cytoplasm Amounts
11.4.3 Internal and External Fertilisation
11.4.4 Polyspermy Prevention Mechanisms
11.4.5 Implantation of the Blastocyst
11.4.6 Role of HCG in Early Pregnancy
11.4.7 The Placenta and Material Exchange
11.4.8 Hormonal Secretion by the Placenta
11.4.9 Birth and Positive Feedback

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