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CIE IGCSE Physics

Study Notes

1. Motion, Forces, and Energy

1.1.1 Length and Volume Measurement Techniques 1.1.2 Time Measurement Strategies 1.1.3 Averaging and Error Analysis in Physics 1.1.4 Scalar and Vector Quantities in Physics 1.1.5 Vector Addition and Resolution

1.2.1 Speed and Velocity: Essential Concepts in Motion 1.2.2 Motion Representation on Graphs 1.2.3 Graphs and Motion Calculations 1.2.4 Acceleration Concepts in Physics 1.2.5 Gravitational Motion

1.3.1 Mass vs Weight in Physics 1.3.2 Gravitational Field Strength 1.3.3 Measurement Techniques 1.3.4 Weight and Gravity

1.4.1 Understanding Density 1.4.2 Determining Density 1.4.3 Density and Buoyancy

1.5.1 Effects of Forces 1.5.2 Understanding Friction 1.5.3 Spring Constant and Elasticity 1.5.4 Motion in Circular Paths 1.5.5 Turning Effect of Forces 1.5.6 Centre of Gravity in Physics

1.6.1 Understanding Momentum in Physics 1.6.2 Impulse and Momentum Change 1.6.3 Conservation of Momentum

1.7.1 Energy, Work and Power: Forms of Energy and Energy Transfer 1.7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy 1.7.3 Work Done in Physics 1.7.4 Energy Resources 1.7.5 Understanding Efficiency in Energy and Power 1.7.6 Power Concepts in Physics

1.8.1 Understanding Pressure in Physics 1.8.2 Pressure in Everyday Context 1.8.3 Pressure in Liquids 1.8.4 Calculating Pressure Changes in Liquids

1.1.1 Length and Volume Measurement Techniques 1.1.2 Time Measurement Strategies 1.1.3 Averaging and Error Analysis in Physics 1.1.4 Scalar and Vector Quantities in Physics 1.1.5 Vector Addition and Resolution

1.2.1 Speed and Velocity: Essential Concepts in Motion 1.2.2 Motion Representation on Graphs 1.2.3 Graphs and Motion Calculations 1.2.4 Acceleration Concepts in Physics 1.2.5 Gravitational Motion

1.3.1 Mass vs Weight in Physics 1.3.2 Gravitational Field Strength 1.3.3 Measurement Techniques 1.3.4 Weight and Gravity

1.4.1 Understanding Density 1.4.2 Determining Density 1.4.3 Density and Buoyancy

1.5.1 Effects of Forces 1.5.2 Understanding Friction 1.5.3 Spring Constant and Elasticity 1.5.4 Motion in Circular Paths 1.5.5 Turning Effect of Forces 1.5.6 Centre of Gravity in Physics

1.6.1 Understanding Momentum in Physics 1.6.2 Impulse and Momentum Change 1.6.3 Conservation of Momentum

1.7.1 Energy, Work and Power: Forms of Energy and Energy Transfer 1.7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy 1.7.3 Work Done in Physics 1.7.4 Energy Resources 1.7.5 Understanding Efficiency in Energy and Power 1.7.6 Power Concepts in Physics

1.8.1 Understanding Pressure in Physics 1.8.2 Pressure in Everyday Context 1.8.3 Pressure in Liquids 1.8.4 Calculating Pressure Changes in Liquids

2. Thermal Physics

2.1.1 Characteristics of States of Matter 2.1.2 Particle Dynamics in Different States 2.1.3 Gas Behaviour and Brownian Motion 2.1.4 Temperature and Pressure in Gases 2.1.5 Absolute Temperature Scale and Gas Laws

2.2.2 Particle Theory and Thermal Expansion 2.2.3 Specific Heat Capacity: Theory and Formula 2.2.4 Experimentation in Specific Heat Capacity 2.2.5 Understanding Melting and Boiling 2.2.6 Evaporation Dynamics

2.3.1 Conduction Mechanisms 2.3.2 Convection Processes 2.3.3 Thermal Radiation Insights 2.3.4 Radiation and Temperature Equilibrium 2.3.5 Radiation Experiments in Thermal Energy Transfer 2.3.6 Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer

2.1.1 Characteristics of States of Matter 2.1.2 Particle Dynamics in Different States 2.1.3 Gas Behaviour and Brownian Motion 2.1.4 Temperature and Pressure in Gases 2.1.5 Absolute Temperature Scale and Gas Laws

2.2.2 Particle Theory and Thermal Expansion 2.2.3 Specific Heat Capacity: Theory and Formula 2.2.4 Experimentation in Specific Heat Capacity 2.2.5 Understanding Melting and Boiling 2.2.6 Evaporation Dynamics

2.3.1 Conduction Mechanisms 2.3.2 Convection Processes 2.3.3 Thermal Radiation Insights 2.3.4 Radiation and Temperature Equilibrium 2.3.5 Radiation Experiments in Thermal Energy Transfer 2.3.6 Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer

3. Waves

3.1.1 Energy Transfer in Waves 3.1.2 General Properties of Waves: Wave Features and Terminology 3.1.3 Types of Waves 3.1.4 Wave Behavior and Interactions 3.1.5 Utilizing Ripple Tanks in Wave Studies 3.1.6 Exploring Diffraction

3.2.1 Reflection of Light 3.2.2 Refraction of Light 3.2.3 Thin Lenses in Physics 3.2.4 Dispersion of Light

3.3.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Overview 3.3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Uses and Effects of Electromagnetic Waves 3.3.3 Digital and Analogue Signals

3.4.1 Production and Nature of Sound 3.4.2 Human Auditory Range 3.4.3 Medium for Sound Transmission 3.4.4 Speed of Sound in Different Mediums 3.4.5 Sound Characteristics 3.4.6 Ultrasound: Exploring High-Frequency Sound Waves Beyond Human Hearing

3.1.1 Energy Transfer in Waves 3.1.2 General Properties of Waves: Wave Features and Terminology 3.1.3 Types of Waves 3.1.4 Wave Behavior and Interactions 3.1.5 Utilizing Ripple Tanks in Wave Studies 3.1.6 Exploring Diffraction

3.2.1 Reflection of Light 3.2.2 Refraction of Light 3.2.3 Thin Lenses in Physics 3.2.4 Dispersion of Light

3.3.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum Overview 3.3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Uses and Effects of Electromagnetic Waves 3.3.3 Digital and Analogue Signals

3.4.1 Production and Nature of Sound 3.4.2 Human Auditory Range 3.4.3 Medium for Sound Transmission 3.4.4 Speed of Sound in Different Mediums 3.4.5 Sound Characteristics 3.4.6 Ultrasound: Exploring High-Frequency Sound Waves Beyond Human Hearing

4. Electricity and Magnetism
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4.1.1 Magnetic Forces and Poles 4.1.2 Induced Magnetism 4.1.3 Types of Magnets 4.1.4 Magnetic Fields 4.1.5 Applications of Magnets

4.2.1 Electric Charge 4.2.2 Electric Fields 4.2.3 Electric Current: The Flow of Charge 4.2.4 Electromotive Force and Potential Difference 4.2.5 Understanding Resistance in Electrical Circuits 4.2.6 Electrical Energy and Power in Electric Circuits

4.3.1 Circuit Diagrams and Components 4.3.2 Series and Parallel Circuits 4.3.3 Circuit Components and Their Actions

4.4.1 Electrical Hazards 4.4.2 Mains Circuits and Switches 4.4.3 Safety Devices in Electrical Systems 4.4.4 Appliance Safety Measures

4.5.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Induction 4.5.2 Practical Applications of Induction 4.5.3 A.C. Generator Mechanics and Outputs 4.5.4 Magnetic Influence of Electric Currents 4.5.5 Interactions in Magnetic Fields 4.5.6 Dynamics of D.C. Motors 4.5.7 Transformer Technology

4.1.1 Magnetic Forces and Poles 4.1.2 Induced Magnetism 4.1.3 Types of Magnets 4.1.4 Magnetic Fields 4.1.5 Applications of Magnets

4.2.1 Electric Charge 4.2.2 Electric Fields 4.2.3 Electric Current: The Flow of Charge 4.2.4 Electromotive Force and Potential Difference 4.2.5 Understanding Resistance in Electrical Circuits 4.2.6 Electrical Energy and Power in Electric Circuits

4.3.1 Circuit Diagrams and Components 4.3.2 Series and Parallel Circuits 4.3.3 Circuit Components and Their Actions

4.4.1 Electrical Hazards 4.4.2 Mains Circuits and Switches 4.4.3 Safety Devices in Electrical Systems 4.4.4 Appliance Safety Measures

4.5.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Induction 4.5.2 Practical Applications of Induction 4.5.3 A.C. Generator Mechanics and Outputs 4.5.4 Magnetic Influence of Electric Currents 4.5.5 Interactions in Magnetic Fields 4.5.6 Dynamics of D.C. Motors 4.5.7 Transformer Technology

5. Nuclear Physics
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5.1.1 Fundamentals of Atomic Structure 5.1.2 The Nuclear Model of the Atom: Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment 5.1.3 Composition and Characteristics of the Nucleus 5.1.4 Concept of Isotopes 5.1.5 Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion 5.1.6 Proton Number and Nucleon Number Implications

5.2.1 Understanding Background Radiation 5.2.2 Characterizing Nuclear Emissions 5.2.3 Radioactive Decay Processes 5.2.4 Practical Applications of Half-life in Radioactivity 5.2.5 Radioactivity in Society: Safety and Applications

5.1.1 Fundamentals of Atomic Structure 5.1.2 The Nuclear Model of the Atom: Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment 5.1.3 Composition and Characteristics of the Nucleus 5.1.4 Concept of Isotopes 5.1.5 Nuclear Reactions: Fission and Fusion 5.1.6 Proton Number and Nucleon Number Implications

5.2.1 Understanding Background Radiation 5.2.2 Characterizing Nuclear Emissions 5.2.3 Radioactive Decay Processes 5.2.4 Practical Applications of Half-life in Radioactivity 5.2.5 Radioactivity in Society: Safety and Applications

6. Space Physics
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6.1.1 Earth's Rotational Dynamics 6.1.2 Earth's Orbital Characteristics 6.1.3 Lunar Orbit and Phases 6.1.4 Calculating Orbital Speed 6.1.5 Composition of the Solar System 6.1.6 Planetary Types and Accretion Theory 6.1.7 Gravitational Influence of Planets 6.1.8 Light Travel Time in the Solar System 6.1.9 The Sun's Gravitational Role in the Solar System 6.1.10 Elliptical Planetary Orbits

6.2.1 Characteristics of the Sun 6.2.2 Nuclear Fusion in Stars 6.2.3 Structure of Galaxies 6.2.4 The Life Cycle of Stars 6.2.5 The Expanding Universe 6.2.6 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)6.2.7 Galactic Motion and Redshift 6.2.8 The Hubble Constant and Estimating Universe's Age

6.1.1 Earth's Rotational Dynamics 6.1.2 Earth's Orbital Characteristics 6.1.3 Lunar Orbit and Phases 6.1.4 Calculating Orbital Speed 6.1.5 Composition of the Solar System 6.1.6 Planetary Types and Accretion Theory 6.1.7 Gravitational Influence of Planets 6.1.8 Light Travel Time in the Solar System 6.1.9 The Sun's Gravitational Role in the Solar System 6.1.10 Elliptical Planetary Orbits

6.2.1 Characteristics of the Sun 6.2.2 Nuclear Fusion in Stars 6.2.3 Structure of Galaxies 6.2.4 The Life Cycle of Stars 6.2.5 The Expanding Universe 6.2.6 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)6.2.7 Galactic Motion and Redshift 6.2.8 The Hubble Constant and Estimating Universe's Age

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