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CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Study Notes
1.1.1 Distinguishing Properties1.1.2 Particle Arrangement and Motion
1.2.1 Processes of State Change1.2.2 Kinetic Particle Theory in State Changes
1.3.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Gas Behaviour1.3.2 Real-Life Applications of Gas Behaviour
1.4.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion1.4.2 Molecular Mass and Diffusion Rate
2.1.1 Distinguishing Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
2.2.1 The Structure of an Atom2.2.2 Atomic and Mass Numbers in Chemistry2.2.3 Electron Configuration in Atoms2.2.4 Periodic Table Insights
2.3.1 Defining Isotopes2.3.2 Symbol Interpretation and Chemical Properties2.3.3 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass
2.4.1 Formation of Ions2.4.2 Ionic Bonding in Chemistry2.4.3 Ionic Compounds: Formation and Properties2.4.4 Giant Lattice Structure in Ionic Compounds
2.5.1 Covalent Bond Formation2.5.2 Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds
2.6.1 Structures and Uses of Graphite and Diamond2.6.2 Silicon(IV) Oxide Structure
2.7.1 Introduction to Metallic Bonding2.7.2 Properties of Metals: An In-Depth Exploration of Their Structure and Bonding
3.1.1 Formulae of Elements and Compounds3.1.2 Understanding Molecular Formula3.1.3 Deriving Compound Formulae3.1.4 Creating Chemical Equations3.1.5 Empirical Formula Concept3.1.6 Ionic Compound Formulation3.1.7 Advanced Equation Construction in Chemistry
3.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)3.2.2 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)3.2.3 Reacting Masses Calculation
3.3.1 Concentration Measurements in Chemistry3.3.2 The Mole and Avogadro Constant3.3.3 Molar Calculations3.3.4 Gas Volumes at Room Temperature and Pressure (RTP)3.3.5 Comprehensive Stoichiometric Calculations3.3.6 Titration Analysis3.3.7 Formulae from Experimental Data3.3.8 Yield and Purity Calculations
4.1.1 Fundamentals of Electrolysis4.1.2 Electrolysis Products and Observations4.1.3 Electrode Reactions and Predictions in Electrolysis4.1.4 Applications of Electrolysis
4.2.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cells: Principles and Uses
5.1.1 Nature of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions5.1.2 Reaction Pathway Diagrams5.1.3 Enthalpy Changes in Reactions5.1.4 Drawing and Interpreting Reaction Pathways5.1.5 Bond Energies and Reaction Enthalpy
6.1.1 Identifying Physical and Chemical Changes
6.2.1 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate6.2.2 Catalysts in Reactions6.2.3 Investigating Reaction Rates6.2.4 Evaluating Reaction Rate Methods
6.3.1 Reversible Reactions: An Insight into Dynamic Chemical Processes6.3.2 Chemical Equilibrium in Closed Systems6.3.3 Equilibrium and Changing Conditions6.3.4 Industrial Processes in Chemistry: The Haber and Contact Processes
6.4.1 Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions6.4.2 Identifying Redox Reactions6.4.3 Oxidising and Reducing Agents in Redox Reactions
7.1.1 Reactions of Acids7.1.2 Nature of Bases and Alkalis7.1.3 Ions in Acids and Alkalis7.1.4 Neutralisation Reaction7.1.5 Proton Transfer in Acids and Bases
7.2.1 Classification of Oxides
7.3.1 Preparation of Soluble Salts7.3.2 Hydration and Anhydrous Substances7.3.3 Insoluble Salts and Crystallisation
8.1.1 The Periodic Table Structure8.1.2 Chemical Properties and Electronic Configuration8.1.3 Trends in Groups
8.2.1 Characteristics of Group I Alkali Metals
8.3.1 Introduction to Group VII Halogens
8.4.1 Transition Elements: Exploring Their Fascinating Characteristics
8.5.1 Characteristics of Group VIII Noble Gases
9.1.1 Physical Properties of Metals9.1.2 Chemical Properties of Metals
9.2.1 Applications Based on Physical Properties
9.3.1 Nature and Examples of Alloys9.3.2 Properties and Uses of Alloys9.3.3 Structural Explanation for Alloy Properties
9.4.1 The Reactivity Series9.4.2 Reactivity and Ion Formation
9.5.1 Rusting of Iron and Steel9.5.2 Galvanising and Sacrificial Protection
9.6.1 Metal Extraction and Reactivity Series9.6.2 Detailed Processes of Metal Extraction
10.1.1 Testing for Water: Chemical Methods and Purity Analysis10.1.2 Distilled Water in Chemistry10.1.3 Substances in Natural Water Sources10.1.4 Water Treatment in Domestic Water Supply
10.2.1 Fertilisers: Use of Ammonium Salts and Nitrates
10.3.1 Composition of Air10.3.2 Air Pollutants10.3.3 Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases10.3.4 Environmental Strategies to Combat Climate Change and Acid Rain10.3.5 Photosynthesis: The Vital Process of Plant Life10.3.6 Nitrogen Oxides in Car Engines
11.1.1 Drawing and Interpreting Formulae11.1.2 Introduction to General Formulae of Homologous Series11.1.3 Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry11.1.4 Structural Formulae and Isomers11.1.5 Characteristics of Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
11.2.1 Introduction to Naming and Drawing Simple Organic Compounds11.2.2 Identifying Compound Types by Chemical Names11.2.3 Naming and Drawing Complex Organic Compounds
11.3.1 Naming Fossil Fuels11.3.2 Hydrocarbons and Petroleum11.3.3 Uses of Petroleum Fractions
11.4.1 Bonding and Reactivity of Alkanes11.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine
11.5.1 Bonding and Manufacture of Alkenes11.5.2 Distinguishing Tests for Alkenes11.5.3 Addition Reactions of Alkenes
11.6.1 Manufacture and Combustion of Ethanol11.6.2 Ethanol Production: Advantages and Disadvantages
11.7.1 Reactions of Ethanoic Acid11.7.2 Formation and Esterification of Ethanoic Acid
11.8.1 Introduction to Polymers11.8.2 Types and Structures of Polymers11.8.3 Protein Structure and Recycling of Polymers
12.1.1 Appropriate Apparatus for Measurement12.1.2 Solvents, Solutes, and Solutions
12.2.1 Acid-Base Titrations: Performing the Procedure
12.3.1 Introduction to Paper Chromatography for Coloured Substances12.3.2 Chromatography for Colourless Substances
12.4.1 Separation and Purification Methods12.4.2 Assessing Purity in Substances
12.5.1 Anion Tests in Chemistry12.5.2 Cation Tests with Sodium Hydroxide and Ammonia12.5.3 Gas Tests12.5.4 Flame Tests for Cations

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