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CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Study Notes
1.1.1 Distinguishing Properties
1.1.2 Particle Arrangement and Motion
1.2.1 Processes of State Change
1.2.2 Kinetic Particle Theory in State Changes
1.3.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Gas Behaviour
1.3.2 Real-Life Applications of Gas Behaviour
1.4.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion
1.4.2 Molecular Mass and Diffusion Rate
2.1.1 Distinguishing Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
2.2.1 The Structure of an Atom
2.2.2 Atomic and Mass Numbers in Chemistry
2.2.3 Electron Configuration in Atoms
2.2.4 Periodic Table Insights
2.3.1 Defining Isotopes
2.3.2 Symbol Interpretation and Chemical Properties
2.3.3 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass
2.4.1 Formation of Ions
2.4.2 Ionic Bonding in Chemistry
2.4.3 Ionic Compounds: Formation and Properties
2.4.4 Giant Lattice Structure in Ionic Compounds
2.5.1 Covalent Bond Formation
2.5.2 Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds
2.6.1 Structures and Uses of Graphite and Diamond
2.6.2 Silicon(IV) Oxide Structure
2.7.1 Introduction to Metallic Bonding
2.7.2 Properties of Metals: An In-Depth Exploration of Their Structure and Bonding
3.1.1 Formulae of Elements and Compounds
3.1.2 Understanding Molecular Formula
3.1.3 Deriving Compound Formulae
3.1.4 Creating Chemical Equations
3.1.5 Empirical Formula Concept
3.1.6 Ionic Compound Formulation
3.1.7 Advanced Equation Construction in Chemistry
3.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
3.2.2 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
3.2.3 Reacting Masses Calculation
3.3.1 Concentration Measurements in Chemistry
3.3.2 The Mole and Avogadro Constant
3.3.3 Molar Calculations
3.3.4 Gas Volumes at Room Temperature and Pressure (RTP)
3.3.5 Comprehensive Stoichiometric Calculations
3.3.6 Titration Analysis
3.3.7 Formulae from Experimental Data
3.3.8 Yield and Purity Calculations
4.1.1 Fundamentals of Electrolysis
4.1.2 Electrolysis Products and Observations
4.1.3 Electrode Reactions and Predictions in Electrolysis
4.1.4 Applications of Electrolysis
4.2.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cells: Principles and Uses
5.1.1 Nature of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
5.1.2 Reaction Pathway Diagrams
5.1.3 Enthalpy Changes in Reactions
5.1.4 Drawing and Interpreting Reaction Pathways
5.1.5 Bond Energies and Reaction Enthalpy
6.1.1 Identifying Physical and Chemical Changes
6.2.1 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
6.2.2 Catalysts in Reactions
6.2.3 Investigating Reaction Rates
6.2.4 Evaluating Reaction Rate Methods
6.3.1 Reversible Reactions: An Insight into Dynamic Chemical Processes
6.3.2 Chemical Equilibrium in Closed Systems
6.3.3 Equilibrium and Changing Conditions
6.3.4 Industrial Processes in Chemistry: The Haber and Contact Processes
6.4.1 Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions
6.4.2 Identifying Redox Reactions
6.4.3 Oxidising and Reducing Agents in Redox Reactions
7.1.1 Reactions of Acids
7.1.2 Nature of Bases and Alkalis
7.1.3 Ions in Acids and Alkalis
7.1.4 Neutralisation Reaction
7.1.5 Proton Transfer in Acids and Bases
7.2.1 Classification of Oxides
7.3.1 Preparation of Soluble Salts
7.3.2 Hydration and Anhydrous Substances
7.3.3 Insoluble Salts and Crystallisation
8.1.1 The Periodic Table Structure
8.1.2 Chemical Properties and Electronic Configuration
8.1.3 Trends in Groups
8.2.1 Characteristics of Group I Alkali Metals
8.3.1 Introduction to Group VII Halogens
8.4.1 Transition Elements: Exploring Their Fascinating Characteristics
8.5.1 Characteristics of Group VIII Noble Gases
9.1.1 Physical Properties of Metals
9.1.2 Chemical Properties of Metals
9.2.1 Applications Based on Physical Properties
9.3.1 Nature and Examples of Alloys
9.3.2 Properties and Uses of Alloys
9.3.3 Structural Explanation for Alloy Properties
9.4.1 The Reactivity Series
9.4.2 Reactivity and Ion Formation
9.5.1 Rusting of Iron and Steel
9.5.2 Galvanising and Sacrificial Protection
9.6.1 Metal Extraction and Reactivity Series
9.6.2 Detailed Processes of Metal Extraction
10.1.1 Testing for Water: Chemical Methods and Purity Analysis
10.1.2 Distilled Water in Chemistry
10.1.3 Substances in Natural Water Sources
10.1.4 Water Treatment in Domestic Water Supply
10.2.1 Fertilisers: Use of Ammonium Salts and Nitrates
10.3.1 Composition of Air
10.3.2 Air Pollutants
10.3.3 Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases
10.3.4 Environmental Strategies to Combat Climate Change and Acid Rain
10.3.5 Photosynthesis: The Vital Process of Plant Life
10.3.6 Nitrogen Oxides in Car Engines
11.1.1 Drawing and Interpreting Formulae
11.1.2 Introduction to General Formulae of Homologous Series
11.1.3 Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
11.1.4 Structural Formulae and Isomers
11.1.5 Characteristics of Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
11.2.1 Introduction to Naming and Drawing Simple Organic Compounds
11.2.2 Identifying Compound Types by Chemical Names
11.2.3 Naming and Drawing Complex Organic Compounds
11.3.1 Naming Fossil Fuels
11.3.2 Hydrocarbons and Petroleum
11.3.3 Uses of Petroleum Fractions
11.4.1 Bonding and Reactivity of Alkanes
11.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine
11.5.1 Bonding and Manufacture of Alkenes
11.5.2 Distinguishing Tests for Alkenes
11.5.3 Addition Reactions of Alkenes
11.6.1 Manufacture and Combustion of Ethanol
11.6.2 Ethanol Production: Advantages and Disadvantages
11.7.1 Reactions of Ethanoic Acid
11.7.2 Formation and Esterification of Ethanoic Acid
11.8.1 Introduction to Polymers
11.8.2 Types and Structures of Polymers
11.8.3 Protein Structure and Recycling of Polymers
12.1.1 Appropriate Apparatus for Measurement
12.1.2 Solvents, Solutes, and Solutions
12.2.1 Acid-Base Titrations: Performing the Procedure
12.3.1 Introduction to Paper Chromatography for Coloured Substances
12.3.2 Chromatography for Colourless Substances
12.4.1 Separation and Purification Methods
12.4.2 Assessing Purity in Substances
12.5.1 Anion Tests in Chemistry
12.5.2 Cation Tests with Sodium Hydroxide and Ammonia
12.5.3 Gas Tests
12.5.4 Flame Tests for Cations

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