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IBDP History

Study Notes
1.1.1 Rise to Power1.1.2 Leadership and Objectives1.1.3 Reputation and Military Prowess of Genghis Khan1.1.4 Mongol Military Campaigns1.1.5 Political and Economic Impact of Genghis Khan's Rule1.1.6 Social, Cultural, and Religious Impact of Genghis Khan's Reign
1.2.1 Rise to Power: Richard I of England1.2.2 Leadership and Objectives of Richard I1.2.3 Reputation and Military Exploits1.2.4 Campaigns and Conquests1.2.5 Political Impact and Challenges1.2.6 Economic Strategies and Impact of Richard I1.2.7 Social, Cultural, and Religious Influence
2.1.1 Political Context in Iberia and Al-Andalus2.1.2 Social and Economic Context in Late 15th-century Iberia2.1.3 Religious and Political Motives2.1.4 The Granada War2.1.5 Treaty of Granada and Alhambra Decree2.1.6 Post-conquest Social and Demographic Changes2.1.7 Religious Persecution and the Spanish Inquisition
2.2.1 Motives for Exploration and Conquest2.2.2 Hernán Cortés and the Aztecs2.2.3 Francisco Pizarro and the Incas2.2.4 Key Actors in the Conquests2.2.5 Social and Economic Impacts of the Conquests2.2.6 Demographic Changes and Disease2.2.7 Cultural Impacts of the Conquests
3.1.1 Rise of Japanese Nationalism and Militarism3.1.2 Japanese Domestic Issues (early 20th century)3.1.3 Political Instability in China3.1.4 Invasion of Manchuria and Northern China3.1.5 Sino-Japanese War3.1.6 Towards World War: Tripartite Pact to Pearl Harbor3.1.7 League of Nations and the Lytton Report3.1.8 China's Internal Political Developments
3.2.1 Fascism and Nazism: Ideological Foundations3.2.2 Domestic Economic Drivers3.2.3 Diplomatic Alignments and Appeasement3.2.4 German Challenges to Post-War Settlements3.2.5 Italian Expansion and Aggression3.2.6 German Expansion and Pre-War Alliances3.2.7 International Response to German Aggression3.2.8 International Response to Italian Aggression3.2.9 Combined International Response (1940)
4.1.1 Racism and Violence in the United States (1954-1965)4.1.2 Disenfranchisement and Segregation4.1.3 Economic and Social Discrimination4.1.4 Non-Violent Protests4.1.5 Civil Rights Legislation4.1.6 Key Figures: Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, Lyndon B Johnson4.1.7 Key Groups in the Civil Rights Movement
4.2.1 Apartheid Legislation4.2.2 Segregation and Forced Removals4.2.3 Education and Bantustan System4.2.4 Non-Violent Protests and the Freedom Charter4.2.5 Sharpeville Massacre and Armed Struggle4.2.6 Rivonia Trial4.2.7 Key Figures: Nelson Mandela, Albert Luthuli4.2.8 Key Groups in the Anti-Apartheid Movement
5.1.1 Origins of Ethnic Tensions5.1.2 Rise of the Hutu Power Movement5.1.3 Economic Precursors to Conflict5.1.4 Rwandan Civil War and Assassinations5.1.5 Genocide Tactics and Crimes5.1.6 Global Inaction and Response5.1.7 Aftermath: Social and Refugee Crisis5.1.8 Pursuit of Justice5.1.9 Political and Economic Repercussions
5.2.1 Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism5.2.2 Milosevic and Rugova's Roles in Kosovo5.2.3 Pre-War Political Developments5.2.4 Outbreak of Conflict and Atrocities5.2.5 International Community's Role in the Kosovo Conflict5.2.6 War's Social and Economic Impact5.2.7 Post-War Political Landscape
6.1.1 Social Structures and Systems6.1.2 Population Dynamics in Medieval Times6.1.3 Women in Medieval Society6.1.4 Trade and Economic Integration6.1.5 Taxation Systems6.1.6 Travel and Transportation Advances in Medieval Times
6.2.1 Influential Figures6.2.2 Transmission of Ideas and Cultures6.2.3 Artistic and Architectural Innovations6.2.4 Scientific and Technological Progress
6.3.1 Religious Institutions' Influence: Genghis Khan and the Rise of the Mongol Empire6.3.2 Religious Leaders and Governance6.3.3 Treatment of Religious Minorities6.3.4 Spread of Major Religions
7.1 Types and Causes of Conflicts
7.2.1 Significant Leaders and Strategies7.2.2 Resource Mobilisation7.2.3 Tactics and Warfare Organisation7.2.4 Women's Roles in Wars
7.3.1 Conquests and Political Changes7.3.2 Successes and Failures in Peacemaking7.3.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Impacts of Wars7.3.4 Demographic and Population Changes
8.1.1 Nature of Dynastic Power8.1.2 Aims and Achievements of Rulers8.1.3 Legitimisation of Rule8.1.4 Consolidation and Maintenance of Power8.1.5 Dynastic Expansion and Methods
8.2.1 Evolution of Government Structures8.2.2 Administration of Law and Justice8.2.3 Duties and Roles of Officials
8.3.1 Analysis of Dynastic Successes and Failures8.3.2 Nature of Internal and External Challenges8.3.3 Handling of Rebellions and Opposition8.3.4 Rivalries and Succession Issues
9.1.1 Evolution of Social Structures9.1.2 Population Dynamics9.1.3 Minority and Indigenous Peoples9.1.4 Economic Transformations
9.2.1 Cultural Movements9.2.2 Cross-Cultural Exchanges9.2.3 Scientific and Technological Progress
10.1.1 States in Ascendancy10.1.2 States in Decline10.1.3 Governance Models10.1.4 Individual Rulers
10.2.1 Territorial Ambitions10.2.2 Colonial Endeavours10.2.3 Imperial Aspirations
10.3.1 Internal Power Dynamics10.3.2 External Rivalries10.3.3 Colonial Resistance10.3.4 Succession Challenges
11.1.1 Ideological Causes of Conflicts11.1.2 Economic Causes11.1.3 Religious Causes11.1.4 Political Causes
11.2.1 Role of Leaders11.2.2 Mobilisation of Resources11.2.3 Warfare Organisation11.2.4 Technological Advancements11.2.5 Foreign Involvement
11.3.1 Peacemaking Efforts11.3.2 Economic Impact of War11.3.3 Social Impact11.3.4 Religious Impact of Wars
12.1.1 Preconditions for Industrialisation12.1.2 Colonialism and Global Trade12.1.3 Political Stability and Governmental Policies12.1.4 Role of Agriculture
12.2.1 Evolution of Transportation12.2.2 Energy Transitions12.2.3 Consumer Goods and Lifestyle Changes12.2.4 The Factory System and Labour Relations12.2.5 The Digital Revolution and Globalisation
12.3.1 Migration and Urban Growth12.3.2 Workers' Rights and Social Movements12.3.3 Industrialisation and Democracy12.3.4 Public Health and Life Expectancy
13.1.1 Nationalism's Influence: Genghis Khan and the Rise of Mongol Nationalism13.1.2 Political Ideologies' Impact on Independence Movements13.1.3 Role of Religion and Race in Independence Movements13.1.4 Socio-economic Grievances13.1.5 Wars as Catalysts13.1.6 Other Internal and External Factors
13.2.1 Violent vs Non-violent Methods13.2.2 Leadership Dynamics13.2.3 International Politics and Solidarity13.2.4 Economic Pressures and Colonial Decline
13.3.1 Political Stability and Factionalism13.3.2 Ethnic, Racial, and Separatist Movements13.3.3 Socio-economic Reconstruction13.3.4 Cultural Identity and Legacy of Colonialism13.3.5 Effectiveness of Responses and Long-term Impact
14.1.1 Preconditions for Democratic Reform14.1.2 Leadership in Democratic Transitions14.1.3 Formation and Role of Political Parties14.1.4 Crafting of Constitutions14.1.5 Electoral Systems and Fairness
14.2.1 Influences on Democratic Evolution14.2.2 Responses to Domestic Crises14.2.3 Suffrage Movements14.2.4 Civil Protests and Movements
14.3.1 Education and Social Welfare Policies14.3.2 Policies Towards Women and Minorities14.3.3 Wealth Distribution and Economic Policies14.3.4 Cultural Impact and Freedom of Expression
15.1.1 Economic Factors in Emergence15.1.2 Social Divisions and War Impact15.1.3 Weakness of Political Systems15.1.4 Role of Propaganda and Force in Authoritarian States
15.2.1 Legal Methods of Power Consolidation15.2.2 Use of Force and Charismatic Leadership15.2.3 Treatment of Opposition15.2.4 Foreign Policy and Power Maintenance
15.3.1 Economic and Political Policies15.3.2 Cultural and Social Policies15.3.3 Policies on Women and Minorities15.3.4 Control and Compliance Measures
16.1.1 Economic Causes of War16.1.2 Ideological Causes16.1.3 Political Causes of War16.1.4 Territorial Causes16.1.5 Short-term Causes16.1.6 Long-term Causes of War
16.2.1 Civil Wars: The Rise of Genghis Khan and the Unification of the Mongol Tribes16.2.2 Wars Between States16.2.3 Guerrilla Wars16.2.4 Technological Developments in Warfare16.2.5 Human and Economic Mobilisation in War16.2.6 Foreign Powers' Influence
16.3.1 Successes/Failures of Peacemaking16.3.2 Territorial Changes16.3.3 Political Impact16.3.4 Economic Impact of Wars16.3.5 Social/Demographic Impact of War
17.1.1 Origins of the Cold War17.1.2 Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Europe and Asia (1943–1949)17.1.3 Superpower Relations and Détente (1947–1979)17.1.4 End of the Cold War (1980–1991)
17.2.1 Impact of Leaders on the Cold War17.2.2 Social and Cultural Impact of the Cold War17.2.3 Economic Impact of the Cold War on Different Regions
17.3.1 Case Studies: European Crises17.3.2 Case Studies: Asian Crises17.3.3 Case Studies: Crises in the Americas17.3.4 Case Studies: Middle Eastern and African Crises
18.1.1 Origins and Rise of the ‘Abbasids18.1.2 Establishment of Baghdad18.1.3 ‘Abbasid Golden Age18.1.4 Relations with Non-Muslims during the ‘Abbasid Era
18.2.1 Rise of the Fatimids18.2.2 Fatimid Administration18.2.3 Cultural Achievements and Diplomacy of the Fatimids18.2.4 Decline of the Fatimid Caliphate
18.3.1 Origins of the Crusades18.3.2 Establishment of Crusader States18.3.3 Later Crusades and Saladin18.3.4 Fall of Crusader States and Impact
18.4.1 Rise of the Ottoman Empire18.4.2 Conquest of Constantinople18.4.3 Suleiman the Magnificent18.4.4 Ottoman Society and Contributions
18.5.1 Types of Trade in Africa (800-1600)18.5.2 Impact of Trade on Religion and Culture18.5.3 Ghana Empire (c830–1235)18.5.4 Mali Empire (c1230–1600)18.5.5 Rise and Expansion of the Kingdom of the Kongo to 160018.5.6 Swahili City-States and the Indian Ocean Trade
18.6.1 Rise of the Zulu under Shaka18.6.2 Rise of the Sokoto Caliphate under Usman Dan Fodio18.6.3 Rise of the Niger Delta Trading States: Nana and Jaja18.6.4 Ethiopian Unification and Expansion18.6.5 Rise of the Mahdist State in Sudan
18.7.1 Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade18.7.2 Expansion of the East African Slave Trade18.7.3 Nature of the Slave Trade18.7.4 Causes of the Decline of the Atlantic Slave Trade18.7.5 Causes of the Decline of the East African Slave Trade18.7.6 Impact and Significance of Anti-Slavery Acts
18.8.1 Growth of European Activity in Africa18.8.2 Economic Causes of the Partition of Africa18.8.3 Strategic Causes of Partition in Africa (1850–1900)18.8.4 Other Causes of Partition18.8.5 African Background to Partition18.8.6 German Annexation and the Berlin West Africa Conference18.8.7 King Leopold II and De Brazza in the Congo: Imperial Rivals
18.9.1 Factors Influencing Decisions to Resist European Imperialism (1870–1920)18.9.2 Ethiopian Resistance under Menelik II18.9.3 Mandinka Resistance to French Rule18.9.4 The Herero and Nama Resistance in Namibia18.9.5 Cetshwayo and the Conquest of the Zulu Kingdom18.9.6 The Asante Wars (1873, 1896, and 1900)18.9.7 Factors Influencing Decisions to Collaborate with Colonial Powers18.9.8 Collaboration between Lewanika and Khama with the British18.9.9 Resistance and Collaboration in Buganda
18.10.1 British Rule in Kenya18.10.2 Tanganyika under German and British Rule18.10.3 British Rule in Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and Southern Rhodesia18.10.4 Angola and Mozambique under Portuguese Rule (1890–1975)18.10.5 Nigeria: Direct and Indirect Rule18.10.6 The Colonial Administration of Gold Coast (Ghana)18.10.7 Colonial Administration in Senegal
18.11.1 Angola's Liberation War and Independence (MPLA and UNITA)18.11.2 Namibia’s Quest for Independence: The Role of SWAPO18.11.3 Kenya Trade Unions, Mau Mau, and Jomo Kenyatta (KANU)18.11.4 Transformation of the Gold Coast into Ghana: The Role of Kwame Nkrumah and the CPP18.11.5 French West Africa Nationalism, Political Parties, and Senegal's Independence18.11.6 The Role of TANU and Julius Nyerere in Tanganyika's Independence
18.12.1 Challenges to Ottoman Power in the Early 19th Century18.12.2 The Eastern Question and European Challenges18.12.3 The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa18.12.4 Attempts at Internal Reform and Modernisation in the Ottoman Empire18.12.5 The Committee of Union and Progress and Young Turk Reforms18.12.6 The Ottoman Empire's Entry into World War I
18.13.1 Allied Diplomacy in the Middle East (1914–1945)18.13.2 The Effects of Paris Peace Treaties in the Middle East and North Africa18.13.3 Egypt After the First World War18.13.4 The Palestine Mandate: Economic, Social, and Political Developments18.13.5 Atatürk and the Turkish Republic18.13.6 Case Study: Iran (1914–1945)
18.14.1 The Abyssinian Crisis and the League of Nations' Response18.14.2 Organization of African Unity (OAU)18.14.3 Regional Organisations in Africa: An Examination of their Successes and Failures18.14.4 Africa and the UN18.14.5 Impact of UN Specialised Agencies in Africa18.14.6 The Cold War and Its Impact on Africa
18.15.1 Discovery of Diamonds and Gold in South Africa18.15.2 South African War (1899–1902)18.15.3 Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)18.15.4 National Party and Apartheid18.15.5 Resistance to Apartheid18.15.6 International Opposition to Apartheid18.15.7 End of the Apartheid System in South Africa
18.16.1 Spread of Islam and Christianity in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)18.16.2 African Independent Churches Movement18.16.3 Changing Social and Cultural Values in Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries18.16.4 The Changing Role of Women in African Society18.16.5 Social and Cultural Impact of Technological Developments in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)18.16.6 Impact of Immigration and Emigration on African Societies in the 19th and 20th Centuries18.16.7 Impact of Colonialism on Art and Culture in Africa18.16.8 Developments in Education in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)
18.16.8 Developments in Education in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)18.17.2 Arab–Israeli Conflicts18.17.3 Post-war Egypt: Political and Social Transformation18.17.4 Post-war Developments in Iran (1945–1979)18.17.5 The Complex History of Lebanon18.17.6 Arab States' Relations with Israel Post-1973 War
18.18.1 Causes of Ethnic Conflict, Civil War, and Military Intervention in Post-Independence Africa18.18.2 Impact of Ethnic Conflict, Civil War, and Military Intervention18.18.3 Social and Economic Challenges in Post-Independence Africa18.18.4 Establishment of Single-Party States in Post-Independence Africa18.18.5 Return to Multi-Party Democracy in Africa (1980s and 1990s)18.18.6 Economic Growth and Development in Africa to 2005
19.1.1 Indigenous Societies and Cultures in the Americas (c750–1500): Types of Political Organization19.1.2 The Role of Warfare in Indigenous Societies and Cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)19.1.3 Economic and Social Structures in Indigenous Societies (c750–1500)19.1.4 Indigenous Polytheistic Beliefs19.1.5 Cultural Insights of Pre-Columbian Indigenous Societies in the Americas
19.2.1 Exploration and Conquest in North America19.2.2 Exploration and Conquest in Latin America19.2.3 Economic Impact of European Exploration and Conquest in the Americas (c1492–c1600)19.2.4 Treatment of Indigenous Populations in the Americas (c1492–c1600)19.2.5 European Rivalries in the Age of Exploration
19.3.1 Political Organisation in Spanish and Portuguese America (1500–1800)19.3.2 Political Organisation in British and French North America (1500–1800)19.3.3 Colonial American Economies (1500–1800)19.3.4 Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms in Colonial Governance and Economies19.3.5 Limits of State Power and Resistance to Authority in Colonial Governments19.3.6 Anglo-French Rivalry in North America to 1763
19.4.1 The Aims of the Catholic Church in Spanish and Portuguese America19.4.2 The Roles of Religious Orders in Colonial Society and Governance19.4.3 Interactions between Indigenous Belief Systems and Christianity19.4.4 Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in British North America (1500–1800)19.4.5 The Great Awakening c1720–c176019.4.6 Religion in New France (1500–1800)
19.5.1 Reasons for and Origins of Slavery19.5.2 Role of Colonial Powers in the Establishment and Expansion of Slavery19.5.3 Middle Passage19.5.4 Slave Resistance and Slave Rebellions in British America19.5.5 Opposition to the Slave Trade and Slavery
19.6.1 Independence Movements in the Americas (1763–1830)19.6.2 Political, Intellectual, and Military Contributions of Leaders19.6.3 United States: Processes Leading to the Declaration of Independence19.6.4 Latin America: Characteristics of the Independence Processes19.6.5 Attitude of the United States towards Latin American Independence19.6.6 Impact of Independence on Economies and Societies
19.7.1 The Articles of Confederation and the 1787 Constitution19.7.2 Latin America: Challenges to the Establishment of Political Systems19.7.3 The War of 1812: Causes and Impact19.7.4 Mexican–American War (1846–1848)19.7.5 Causes and Effects of the 1837 Rebellions in Canada
19.8.1 Slavery: Cotton Economy and Slavery19.8.2 Origins of the Civil War19.8.3 Motivations for Westward Expansion19.8.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Union and Confederate States during the US Civil War19.8.5 Factors Affecting the Outcome of the Civil War19.8.6 Reconstruction: Presidential and Congressional Plans
19.9.1 The Causes and Consequences of Railroad Construction in the Americas19.9.2 Causes and Consequences of Immigration in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries in the Americas19.9.3 Development and Impact of Ideological Trends19.9.4 Social and Cultural Changes (Late 19th - Early 20th Centuries)19.9.5 Influence of Leaders in the Transition to the Modern Era19.9.6 Social, Economic, and Legal Conditions of African Americans (1865–1929)
19.10.1 United States' Expansionist Foreign Policies19.10.2 The Spanish–American War (1898): Causes and Effects19.10.3 Impact of United States' Foreign Policies on the Americas19.10.4 United States and the First World War19.10.5 Involvement of Canada in the First World War19.10.6 Impact of the First World War on Two Countries of the Americas
19.11.1 Rule of Porfirio Díaz19.11.2 Causes of the Mexican Revolution19.11.3 The Mexican Revolution and Its Leaders (1910–1917)19.11.4 Construction of the Post-Revolutionary State (1920–1940)19.11.5 Lázaro Cárdenas and the Renewal of the Revolution (1934–1940)19.11.6 The Role of Foreign Powers in the Mexican Revolution19.11.7 Impact of the Mexican Revolution on Society
19.12.1 The Great Depression: Political and Economic Causes19.12.2 Nature and Efficacy of Solutions in the United States During the Great Depression19.12.3 The Great Depression and Canada: Assessing the Solutions19.12.4 Impact of the Great Depression on Latin America19.12.5 Latin American Responses to the Great Depression
19.13.1 United States' Neutrality and Entry into the Second World War19.13.2 Canada's Involvement in the Second World War19.13.3 Latin American Responses to the Second World War19.13.4 Role of Latin American Leaders in Global Diplomacy During WWII19.13.5 The Wartime Experience of Japanese Americans
19.14.1 Impact of the Second World War on the Americas19.14.2 Development Strategies in Latin America Post-194519.14.3 Economic Challenges in the United States and Canada (1945–1981)19.14.4 Economic Development and Challenges in Brazil Post-1945
19.15.1 Social and Demographic Changes Post-194519.15.2 Civil Rights Movements in the United States19.15.3 Indigenous Rights Movements in the Postwar Period19.15.4 Popular Culture and its Impact19.15.5 Educational and Technological Developments (1945–1981)
19.16.1 The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)19.16.2 The Cuban Revolution (1959–1961)19.16.3 Political Developments in Chile (1945–1981)
19.17.1 The Nature and Limitations of Democracy in Latin America (1945–1981)19.17.2 Challenges to Democracy in Latin America (1945–1981)19.17.3 The Development of Civil Society in Latin America19.17.4 Resistance to Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America19.17.5 Transition to Democracy in Latin America in the Late 20th Century
19.18.1 Economic Policies and Challenges in the Americas (1981–2000)19.18.2 Social Developments and Challenges in the Americas (1981–2000)19.18.3 Environmental Issues and Conservation Efforts (1981–2000)
19.19.1 Political Developments in the United States and Canada (1980s and 1990s)19.19.2 Political Developments in Latin America (1980s and 1990s)19.19.3 The End of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America19.19.4 US Foreign Policy Towards Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s19.19.5 Efforts to Address Political Violence in Latin America (Late 20th Century)
19.20.1 Economic Trends and Globalisation in the Americas (2000–2020)19.20.2 Social and Demographic Challenges in the Americas (2000–2020)19.20.3 Environmental Issues and Conservation Efforts in the Americas (2000–2020)19.20.4 Political Developments and Challenges in the Americas (2000–2020)19.20.5 Foreign Policy and International Relations19.20.6 Canada's Role in the Americas (2000–2020)19.20.7 Latin American Integration and Regional Organisations in the Early 21st Century19.20.8 Issues Related to Migration in the Americas (2000–2020)
20.1.1 The Silk Road Under the Tang Dynasty20.1.2 Connecting West and East: Interregional Trade20.1.3 The Mongol Empire's Influence on the Silk Road20.1.4 Political and Cultural Integration during Mongol Rule20.1.5 Decline of the Silk Road in the 15th Century
20.2.1 The Gempei War and the Establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate20.2.2 The Role and Influence of the Samurai20.2.3 Internal Conflicts Among Samurai Clans20.2.4 Life and Ethos of the Samurai20.2.5 Impact of the Samurai on Japanese Society and Culture20.2.6 The Mongol Invasions and Kamikaze Storms (1274-1281)
20.3.1 China's Outward and Inward Dynamics (1405–1700)20.3.2 Japan's International Engagements and Isolation20.3.3 European Expeditions and their Impacts (1405–1700)20.3.4 Social, Political, and Economic Impacts of Isolation on China and Japan
20.4.1 Origins and Rise of Mughal Power20.4.2 Consolidation of Mughal Rule under Akbar20.4.3 Significant Rulers of the Mughal Empire20.4.4 Religious Dynamics in the Mughal Empire20.4.5 Decline of the Mughal Empire
20.5.1 Dutch Colonial System in the Dutch East Indies20.5.2 French Colonial System in Indo-China20.5.3 The Spanish Colonial System in the Philippines20.5.4 The Philippines and the United States: Colonial Transition and Impact20.5.5 Siamese Monarchy: An Epoch of Resilience20.5.6 Beginnings of Nationalism in South-East Asia
20.6.1 Expansion of the British East India Company20.6.2 The British Colonial System in India (1773–1857)20.6.3 Causes and Consequences of the Great Revolt of 185720.6.4 Key Developments in India: 1858–191420.6.5 Development and Significance of Constitutional Groups in India20.6.6 Afghanistan and British-Russian Rivalry (The Great Game)20.6.7 Burma under British Colonialism
20.7.1 Qing Dynasty and Imperial Rule (1700–1868)20.7.2 Internal Challenges in China (1700–1868)20.7.3 Chinese Tribute System and Western Trade20.7.4 The First and Second Opium Wars: Causes and Consequences20.7.5 Taiping Rebellion: The Heavenly Kingdom's Rise and Fall20.7.6 Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan (1603-1868)20.7.7 The Bakumatsu Period in Japan (1853–1868)
20.8.1 Impact of Early Colonial Settlements on Indigenous Societies20.8.2 Settlement Schemes and Immigration in Oceania (1788–1919)20.8.3 Tensions Between Indigenous Peoples and Settlers20.8.4 Impact of Gold Rushes and Urban Growth20.8.5 Constitutional Developments and National Identity in Oceania (1788–1919)20.8.6 Impact of World War I on Australia and New Zealand20.8.7 British Administration in the Pacific Islands (1788–1919)
20.9.1 China's Tongzhi Restoration and Self-Strengthening Movement (1861–1894)20.9.2 Impact of Sino-Japanese War and Hundred Days’ Reform20.9.3 Boxer Rebellion and Late Qing Reforms (1900–1911)20.9.4 The Xinhai Revolution and Its Causes20.9.5 Japan Meiji Restoration and 1889 Constitution20.9.6 Social, Cultural, and Economic Developments in Meiji Japan20.9.7 Rise of Japanese Military Power (1894–1905)20.9.8 Korean Isolation and Annexation (1876-1910)
20.10.1 Key Political Developments20.10.2 Role and Importance of Key Groups and Individuals in the Indian Nationalist Movement20.10.3 Struggle for Independence20.10.4 Growth of Muslim Separatism20.10.5 Impact of the Second World War on India and Independence20.10.6 Post-independence India
20.11.1 Impact of Post-World War I Era on Japan20.11.2 Taisho Democracy and the Rise of Liberal Values in Japan20.11.3 Rise of Militarism and Extreme Nationalism in Japan (1912–1990)20.11.4 Invasions of Manchuria and China20.11.5 Japan and the Pacific War (1941–1945)20.11.6 The US Occupation of Japan and Post-War Changes20.11.7 Japan's Economic Miracle
20.12.1 Rise of National Identity in China (1910–1950)20.12.2 Nationalist Rule of China (1927–1937)20.12.3 Rise of Communism in China20.12.4 Sino-Japanese War and Communist Victory (1937–1945)20.12.5 Japanese Rule of Korea (1910–1945)20.12.6 Taiwan and Republic of China (ROC): Jiang Jieshi's Rule
20.13.1 Initial Japanese Victories20.13.2 Japanese Occupation in South-East Asia20.13.3 Growth of Nationalism and Independence Movements in South-East Asia during WWII20.13.4 Emergence and Influence of Leaders in South-East Asia During WWII20.13.5 Reasons for Indonesian Independence20.13.6 Case Study: Thailand's Experience in the Second World War
20.14.1 The Consolidation of the Communist State (1949–1961)20.14.2 Transition to Socialism and Economic Developments (1949–1961)20.14.3 Social Developments and Rights in the People’s Republic of China (1949–1961)20.14.4 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution20.14.5 Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs (1949–1976)20.14.6 The Power Struggle and Deng Xiaoping Era in the People's Republic of China
20.15.1 Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)20.15.2 The Korean War (1950–1953)20.15.3 Introduction to the Vietnam French Indo-China War (1946–1954)20.15.4 Vietnam War (1956–1975)20.15.5 Cambodia Khmer Rouge and Civil War 20.15.6 Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and Civil War
20.16.1 Foreign Policy and Economic Developments under Nehru20.16.2 India under Various Leaders20.16.3 Pakistan (1947–1991): Nation-Building and Challenges20.16.4 Nation-Building in Bangladesh20.16.5 The Nation-building Process in Ceylon/Sri Lanka
20.17.1 Social and Cultural Developments in Oceania Post-194520.17.2 Immigration and Multiculturalism in Post-War Oceania 20.17.3 Government Policies and Achievements in Australia (1945–2005)20.17.4 Government Policies and Achievements in New Zealand (1945-2005)20.17.5 Attitudes and Policies Towards Indigenous Peoples in Australia and New Zealand (1945–2005)20.17.6 Foreign Policy and International Alignments in Oceania (1945–2005)20.17.7 Economic Policies and Realignment in Oceania (1945–2005)20.17.8 Emergence of Independent Pacific Island States
20.18.1 Impact of Globalisation20.18.2 Immigration/Emigration in Asia (1980–2005)20.18.3 Social Issues and Developments in Asian Countries (1980–2005)20.18.4 The Role of Religion in Society: Asian Context (1980–2005)20.18.5 Cultural Change in Asia (1980–2005): A Study of Arts, Globalization, and Media20.18.6 Emergence of Terrorism in Asia (1980–2005)
21.1.1 Pre-Norman England and the Impact of the Norman Invasion21.1.2 Normans in England: William I, Duke of Normandy21.1.3 Angevin Commonwealth: Henry II's Policies and Governance21.1.4 The Duchy of Normandy and its Relations with France (1066-1223)21.1.5 Extension of Royal Power in France under the Capetians21.1.6 Comparison of Royal Government in England and France (1066–1223)
21.2.1 Reasons for Hostility to Muslims in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)21.2.2 Christian Opposition to Muslim States in Spain (1095–1492)21.2.3 Results of Conflict Between Christian and Muslim States in Spain21.2.4 Role and Contribution of Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)21.2.5 Reasons for Persecution of Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)21.2.6 Impact of Persecution of Jews (1095–1492)
21.3.1 Succession Crises in England: Edward II and Richard II21.3.2 The Hundred Years War (1337–1360 and 1369–1389)21.3.3 The Hundred Years War (1415–1453)21.3.4 The Rise and Fall of Ducal Burgundy (1363–1477)21.3.5 Crisis of Monarchy and Challenges to Royal Authority (15th Century)21.3.6 Nature of Kingship and Challenges (1422–1483)21.3.7 The Wars of the Roses
21.4.1 The Renaissance in Italy: Origins, Causes, and Development21.4.2 Forms of Government in Italian City-States During the Renaissance21.4.3 The Importance of Patronage in the Renaissance21.4.4 The Impact of Literature and Political Writings during the Renaissance21.4.5 The Northern Renaissance21.4.6 The Renaissance in Spain
21.5.1 Motives for Exploration in the 15th Century21.5.2 Enablers of Exploration in the 15th Century21.5.3 Portuguese Exploration of the West Coast of Africa21.5.4 Exploration and the New World (1492–1550)21.5.5 Exploration and the Indian Ocean (1400–1550)21.5.6 The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)21.5.7 Impact on Europe to 1550: The Age of Exploration and its Consequences
21.6.1 The Catholic Church in 16th Century Europe21.6.2 Religious Ideas and Impact of Martin Luther21.6.3 Spread of Lutheran Ideas in Germany (c1500–1563)21.6.4 Religion and Conflict in Germany (c1500–1563)21.6.5 Response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation
21.7.1 The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Ideas21.7.2 Enlightenment Ideas in Two European Regions: England and France21.7.3 Absolutism Monarchs: Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia21.7.4 Enlightened Despots: A Comparative Study21.7.5 Social and Economic Change in the Enlightenment Era21.7.6 Monarchy, Patronage, and the Arts: The Baroque Movement (1650–1800)
21.8.1 Crisis of the Ancien Régime21.8.2 The French Revolution: Monarchy to Republic21.8.3 Impact of the French Revolution (1792–1799)21.8.4 Establishment and Collapse of the Directory (1795–1799)21.8.5 Rise and Rule of Napoleon (1799–1815)21.8.6 Napoleonic Wars and Collapse of the Empire
21.9.1 The Bourbon Restoration and the Congress of Vienna21.9.2 Reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X (1815–1830)21.9.3 Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy21.9.4 The 1848 Revolution and the Emergence of Louis-Napoleon21.9.5 Napoleon III and the Second Empire21.9.6 The Third Republic of France (1871–1914)
21.10.1 Social Protest in Britain (1815–1848)21.10.2 Extension of the Franchise: Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–188521.10.3 Victorian Society (c1840–c1900)21.10.4 Political Figures Disraeli, Gladstone, and Salisbury21.10.5 Early 20th-Century Britain: A Study in Social and Political Transformation21.10.6 Unrest and Protest in Britain (1901–1914)
21.11.1 Italy (1815–1849): An Era of Change and Unrest21.11.2 Germany (1815–1849)21.11.3 Unification of Italy (1849–1871)21.11.4 Rise of Prussia and Decline of Austria (1815–1866)21.11.5 Bismarck, Prussia, and Final Unification 21.11.6 Bismarck's Domestic Policies (1871–1890)
21.12.1 Alexander II (1855–1881): Era of Reform in Tsarist Russia21.12.2 Policies of Alexander III and Nicholas II (1881–1917)21.12.3 Causes and Consequences of the 1905 Revolution21.12.4 Impact of the First World War and the February/March 1917 Crisis21.12.5 1917 Revolutions and the Rise of Lenin21.12.6 Lenin’s Russia/Soviet Union (1917–1924)
21.13.1 European Diplomacy and Changing Balance of Power21.13.2 Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Foreign Policy21.13.3 Causes of the First World War (1914-1918)21.13.4 Impact on Civilian Populations During the First World War (1914–1918)21.13.5 Factors Leading to the Defeat of Germany and the Central Powers in the First World War
21.14.1 Weimar Germany (1918–1933)21.14.2 Hitler’s Germany (1933–1939)21.14.3 Italy (1918–1939): The Fascist Era21.14.4 Spain (1918–1939): Political, Social, and Economic Overview
21.15.1 The Paris Peace Treaties (1919–1923)21.15.2 League of Nations and Europe21.15.3 Italian and German Foreign Policies (1919–1941)21.15.4 Collective Security and Appeasement (1919–1941)21.15.5 Causes of the Second World War and European Conflict (1939–1941)21.15.6 Impact of the Second World War on Civilian Populations
21.16.1 The Soviet Union (1924–1941): Stalin and the Struggle for Power21.16.2 Impact of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) on the Soviet Union21.16.3 Khrushchev and Brezhnev Domestic Policies and Foreign Relations21.16.4 Transformation of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) Under Gorbachev21.16.5 Collapse of the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia to 2000
21.17.1 Breakdown of the Wartime Alliance and the Emergence of the Cold War21.17.2 Post-war Problems and Economic Recovery in Western Europe (1945–1963)21.17.3 West Germany (1963–1990) Domestic Policies and Reunification21.17.4 Spain: Franco’s Regime to Democracy and Developments (1945-2000)
21.18.1 Soviet Domination in Central and Eastern Europe (1945–1955)21.18.2 Support, Cooperation, Repression, and Protest in Central and Eastern Europe (1945–1968)21.18.3 Acceptance and Opposition to Soviet Control (1968–1989)21.18.4 Collapse of Soviet Control and Its Causes (1989)21.18.5 Balkan Conflicts in the 1990s

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