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IBDP History HL

Study Notes
1.1.1 Rise to Power
1.1.2 Leadership and Objectives
1.1.3 Reputation and Military Prowess of Genghis Khan
1.1.4 Mongol Military Campaigns
1.1.5 Political and Economic Impact of Genghis Khan's Rule
1.1.6 Social, Cultural, and Religious Impact of Genghis Khan's Reign
1.2.1 Rise to Power: Richard I of England
1.2.2 Leadership and Objectives of Richard I
1.2.3 Reputation and Military Exploits
1.2.4 Campaigns and Conquests
1.2.5 Political Impact and Challenges
1.2.6 Economic Strategies and Impact of Richard I
1.2.7 Social, Cultural, and Religious Influence
2.1.1 Political Context in Iberia and Al-Andalus
2.1.2 Social and Economic Context in Late 15th-century Iberia
2.1.3 Religious and Political Motives
2.1.4 The Granada War
2.1.5 Treaty of Granada and Alhambra Decree
2.1.6 Post-conquest Social and Demographic Changes
2.1.7 Religious Persecution and the Spanish Inquisition
2.2.1 Motives for Exploration and Conquest
2.2.2 Hernán Cortés and the Aztecs
2.2.3 Francisco Pizarro and the Incas
2.2.4 Key Actors in the Conquests
2.2.5 Social and Economic Impacts of the Conquests
2.2.6 Demographic Changes and Disease
2.2.7 Cultural Impacts of the Conquests
3.1.1 Rise of Japanese Nationalism and Militarism
3.1.2 Japanese Domestic Issues (early 20th century)
3.1.3 Political Instability in China
3.1.4 Invasion of Manchuria and Northern China
3.1.5 Sino-Japanese War
3.1.6 Towards World War: Tripartite Pact to Pearl Harbor
3.1.7 League of Nations and the Lytton Report
3.1.8 China's Internal Political Developments
3.2.1 Fascism and Nazism: Ideological Foundations
3.2.2 Domestic Economic Drivers
3.2.3 Diplomatic Alignments and Appeasement
3.2.4 German Challenges to Post-War Settlements
3.2.5 Italian Expansion and Aggression
3.2.6 German Expansion and Pre-War Alliances
3.2.7 International Response to German Aggression
3.2.8 International Response to Italian Aggression
3.2.9 Combined International Response (1940)
4.1.1 Racism and Violence in the United States (1954-1965)
4.1.2 Disenfranchisement and Segregation
4.1.3 Economic and Social Discrimination
4.1.4 Non-Violent Protests
4.1.5 Civil Rights Legislation
4.1.6 Key Figures: Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, Lyndon B Johnson
4.1.7 Key Groups in the Civil Rights Movement
4.2.1 Apartheid Legislation
4.2.2 Segregation and Forced Removals
4.2.3 Education and Bantustan System
4.2.4 Non-Violent Protests and the Freedom Charter
4.2.5 Sharpeville Massacre and Armed Struggle
4.2.6 Rivonia Trial
4.2.7 Key Figures: Nelson Mandela, Albert Luthuli
4.2.8 Key Groups in the Anti-Apartheid Movement
5.1.1 Origins of Ethnic Tensions
5.1.2 Rise of the Hutu Power Movement
5.1.3 Economic Precursors to Conflict
5.1.4 Rwandan Civil War and Assassinations
5.1.5 Genocide Tactics and Crimes
5.1.6 Global Inaction and Response
5.1.7 Aftermath: Social and Refugee Crisis
5.1.8 Pursuit of Justice
5.1.9 Political and Economic Repercussions
5.2.1 Ethnic Tensions and Nationalism
5.2.2 Milosevic and Rugova's Roles in Kosovo
5.2.3 Pre-War Political Developments
5.2.4 Outbreak of Conflict and Atrocities
5.2.5 International Community's Role in the Kosovo Conflict
5.2.6 War's Social and Economic Impact
5.2.7 Post-War Political Landscape
6.1.1 Social Structures and Systems
6.1.2 Population Dynamics in Medieval Times
6.1.3 Women in Medieval Society
6.1.4 Trade and Economic Integration
6.1.5 Taxation Systems
6.1.6 Travel and Transportation Advances in Medieval Times
6.2.1 Influential Figures
6.2.2 Transmission of Ideas and Cultures
6.2.3 Artistic and Architectural Innovations
6.2.4 Scientific and Technological Progress
6.3.1 Religious Institutions' Influence: Genghis Khan and the Rise of the Mongol Empire
6.3.2 Religious Leaders and Governance
6.3.3 Treatment of Religious Minorities
6.3.4 Spread of Major Religions
7.1 Types and Causes of Conflicts
7.2.1 Significant Leaders and Strategies
7.2.2 Resource Mobilisation
7.2.3 Tactics and Warfare Organisation
7.2.4 Women's Roles in Wars
7.3.1 Conquests and Political Changes
7.3.2 Successes and Failures in Peacemaking
7.3.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Impacts of Wars
7.3.4 Demographic and Population Changes
8.1.1 Nature of Dynastic Power
8.1.2 Aims and Achievements of Rulers
8.1.3 Legitimisation of Rule
8.1.4 Consolidation and Maintenance of Power
8.1.5 Dynastic Expansion and Methods
8.2.1 Evolution of Government Structures
8.2.2 Administration of Law and Justice
8.2.3 Duties and Roles of Officials
8.3.1 Analysis of Dynastic Successes and Failures
8.3.2 Nature of Internal and External Challenges
8.3.3 Handling of Rebellions and Opposition
8.3.4 Rivalries and Succession Issues
9.1.1 Evolution of Social Structures
9.1.2 Population Dynamics
9.1.3 Minority and Indigenous Peoples
9.1.4 Economic Transformations
9.2.1 Cultural Movements
9.2.2 Cross-Cultural Exchanges
9.2.3 Scientific and Technological Progress
10.1.1 States in Ascendancy
10.1.2 States in Decline
10.1.3 Governance Models
10.1.4 Individual Rulers
10.2.1 Territorial Ambitions
10.2.2 Colonial Endeavours
10.2.3 Imperial Aspirations
10.3.1 Internal Power Dynamics
10.3.2 External Rivalries
10.3.3 Colonial Resistance
10.3.4 Succession Challenges
11.1.1 Ideological Causes of Conflicts
11.1.2 Economic Causes
11.1.3 Religious Causes
11.1.4 Political Causes
11.2.1 Role of Leaders
11.2.2 Mobilisation of Resources
11.2.3 Warfare Organisation
11.2.4 Technological Advancements
11.2.5 Foreign Involvement
11.3.1 Peacemaking Efforts
11.3.2 Economic Impact of War
11.3.3 Social Impact
11.3.4 Religious Impact of Wars
12.1.1 Preconditions for Industrialisation
12.1.2 Colonialism and Global Trade
12.1.3 Political Stability and Governmental Policies
12.1.4 Role of Agriculture
12.2.1 Evolution of Transportation
12.2.2 Energy Transitions
12.2.3 Consumer Goods and Lifestyle Changes
12.2.4 The Factory System and Labour Relations
12.2.5 The Digital Revolution and Globalisation
12.3.1 Migration and Urban Growth
12.3.2 Workers' Rights and Social Movements
12.3.3 Industrialisation and Democracy
12.3.4 Public Health and Life Expectancy
13.1.1 Nationalism's Influence: Genghis Khan and the Rise of Mongol Nationalism
13.1.2 Political Ideologies' Impact on Independence Movements
13.1.3 Role of Religion and Race in Independence Movements
13.1.4 Socio-economic Grievances
13.1.5 Wars as Catalysts
13.1.6 Other Internal and External Factors
13.2.1 Violent vs Non-violent Methods
13.2.2 Leadership Dynamics
13.2.3 International Politics and Solidarity
13.2.4 Economic Pressures and Colonial Decline
13.3.1 Political Stability and Factionalism
13.3.2 Ethnic, Racial, and Separatist Movements
13.3.3 Socio-economic Reconstruction
13.3.4 Cultural Identity and Legacy of Colonialism
13.3.5 Effectiveness of Responses and Long-term Impact
14.1.1 Preconditions for Democratic Reform
14.1.2 Leadership in Democratic Transitions
14.1.3 Formation and Role of Political Parties
14.1.4 Crafting of Constitutions
14.1.5 Electoral Systems and Fairness
14.2.1 Influences on Democratic Evolution
14.2.2 Responses to Domestic Crises
14.2.3 Suffrage Movements
14.2.4 Civil Protests and Movements
14.3.1 Education and Social Welfare Policies
14.3.2 Policies Towards Women and Minorities
14.3.3 Wealth Distribution and Economic Policies
14.3.4 Cultural Impact and Freedom of Expression
15.1.1 Economic Factors in Emergence
15.1.2 Social Divisions and War Impact
15.1.3 Weakness of Political Systems
15.1.4 Role of Propaganda and Force in Authoritarian States
15.2.1 Legal Methods of Power Consolidation
15.2.2 Use of Force and Charismatic Leadership
15.2.3 Treatment of Opposition
15.2.4 Foreign Policy and Power Maintenance
15.3.1 Economic and Political Policies
15.3.2 Cultural and Social Policies
15.3.3 Policies on Women and Minorities
15.3.4 Control and Compliance Measures
16.1.1 Economic Causes of War
16.1.2 Ideological Causes
16.1.3 Political Causes of War
16.1.4 Territorial Causes
16.1.5 Short-term Causes
16.1.6 Long-term Causes of War
16.2.1 Civil Wars: The Rise of Genghis Khan and the Unification of the Mongol Tribes
16.2.2 Wars Between States
16.2.3 Guerrilla Wars
16.2.4 Technological Developments in Warfare
16.2.5 Human and Economic Mobilisation in War
16.2.6 Foreign Powers' Influence
16.3.1 Successes/Failures of Peacemaking
16.3.2 Territorial Changes
16.3.3 Political Impact
16.3.4 Economic Impact of Wars
16.3.5 Social/Demographic Impact of War
17.1.1 Origins of the Cold War
17.1.2 Emergence of Superpower Rivalry in Europe and Asia (1943–1949)
17.1.3 Superpower Relations and Détente (1947–1979)
17.1.4 End of the Cold War (1980–1991)
17.2.1 Impact of Leaders on the Cold War
17.2.2 Social and Cultural Impact of the Cold War
17.2.3 Economic Impact of the Cold War on Different Regions
17.3.1 Case Studies: European Crises
17.3.2 Case Studies: Asian Crises
17.3.3 Case Studies: Crises in the Americas
17.3.4 Case Studies: Middle Eastern and African Crises
18.1.1 Origins and Rise of the ‘Abbasids
18.1.2 Establishment of Baghdad
18.1.3 ‘Abbasid Golden Age
18.1.4 Relations with Non-Muslims during the ‘Abbasid Era
18.2.1 Rise of the Fatimids
18.2.2 Fatimid Administration
18.2.3 Cultural Achievements and Diplomacy of the Fatimids
18.2.4 Decline of the Fatimid Caliphate
18.3.1 Origins of the Crusades
18.3.2 Establishment of Crusader States
18.3.3 Later Crusades and Saladin
18.3.4 Fall of Crusader States and Impact
18.4.1 Rise of the Ottoman Empire
18.4.2 Conquest of Constantinople
18.4.3 Suleiman the Magnificent
18.4.4 Ottoman Society and Contributions
18.5.1 Types of Trade in Africa (800-1600)
18.5.2 Impact of Trade on Religion and Culture
18.5.3 Ghana Empire (c830–1235)
18.5.4 Mali Empire (c1230–1600)
18.5.5 Rise and Expansion of the Kingdom of the Kongo to 1600
18.5.6 Swahili City-States and the Indian Ocean Trade
18.6.1 Rise of the Zulu under Shaka
18.6.2 Rise of the Sokoto Caliphate under Usman Dan Fodio
18.6.3 Rise of the Niger Delta Trading States: Nana and Jaja
18.6.4 Ethiopian Unification and Expansion
18.6.5 Rise of the Mahdist State in Sudan
18.7.1 Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade
18.7.2 Expansion of the East African Slave Trade
18.7.3 Nature of the Slave Trade
18.7.4 Causes of the Decline of the Atlantic Slave Trade
18.7.5 Causes of the Decline of the East African Slave Trade
18.7.6 Impact and Significance of Anti-Slavery Acts
18.8.1 Growth of European Activity in Africa
18.8.2 Economic Causes of the Partition of Africa
18.8.3 Strategic Causes of Partition in Africa (1850–1900)
18.8.4 Other Causes of Partition
18.8.5 African Background to Partition
18.8.6 German Annexation and the Berlin West Africa Conference
18.8.7 King Leopold II and De Brazza in the Congo: Imperial Rivals
18.9.1 Factors Influencing Decisions to Resist European Imperialism (1870–1920)
18.9.2 Ethiopian Resistance under Menelik II
18.9.3 Mandinka Resistance to French Rule
18.9.4 The Herero and Nama Resistance in Namibia
18.9.5 Cetshwayo and the Conquest of the Zulu Kingdom
18.9.6 The Asante Wars (1873, 1896, and 1900)
18.9.7 Factors Influencing Decisions to Collaborate with Colonial Powers
18.9.8 Collaboration between Lewanika and Khama with the British
18.9.9 Resistance and Collaboration in Buganda
18.10.1 British Rule in Kenya
18.10.2 Tanganyika under German and British Rule
18.10.3 British Rule in Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and Southern Rhodesia
18.10.4 Angola and Mozambique under Portuguese Rule (1890–1975)
18.10.5 Nigeria: Direct and Indirect Rule
18.10.6 The Colonial Administration of Gold Coast (Ghana)
18.10.7 Colonial Administration in Senegal
18.11.1 Angola's Liberation War and Independence (MPLA and UNITA)
18.11.2 Namibia’s Quest for Independence: The Role of SWAPO
18.11.3 Kenya Trade Unions, Mau Mau, and Jomo Kenyatta (KANU)
18.11.4 Transformation of the Gold Coast into Ghana: The Role of Kwame Nkrumah and the CPP
18.11.5 French West Africa Nationalism, Political Parties, and Senegal's Independence
18.11.6 The Role of TANU and Julius Nyerere in Tanganyika's Independence
18.12.1 Challenges to Ottoman Power in the Early 19th Century
18.12.2 The Eastern Question and European Challenges
18.12.3 The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa
18.12.4 Attempts at Internal Reform and Modernisation in the Ottoman Empire
18.12.5 The Committee of Union and Progress and Young Turk Reforms
18.12.6 The Ottoman Empire's Entry into World War I
18.13.1 Allied Diplomacy in the Middle East (1914–1945)
18.13.2 The Effects of Paris Peace Treaties in the Middle East and North Africa
18.13.3 Egypt After the First World War
18.13.4 The Palestine Mandate: Economic, Social, and Political Developments
18.13.5 Atatürk and the Turkish Republic
18.13.6 Case Study: Iran (1914–1945)
18.14.1 The Abyssinian Crisis and the League of Nations' Response
18.14.2 Organization of African Unity (OAU)
18.14.3 Regional Organisations in Africa: An Examination of their Successes and Failures
18.14.4 Africa and the UN
18.14.5 Impact of UN Specialised Agencies in Africa
18.14.6 The Cold War and Its Impact on Africa
18.15.1 Discovery of Diamonds and Gold in South Africa
18.15.2 South African War (1899–1902)
18.15.3 Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)
18.15.4 National Party and Apartheid
18.15.5 Resistance to Apartheid
18.15.6 International Opposition to Apartheid
18.15.7 End of the Apartheid System in South Africa
18.16.1 Spread of Islam and Christianity in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)
18.16.2 African Independent Churches Movement
18.16.3 Changing Social and Cultural Values in Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries
18.16.4 The Changing Role of Women in African Society
18.16.5 Social and Cultural Impact of Technological Developments in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)
18.16.6 Impact of Immigration and Emigration on African Societies in the 19th and 20th Centuries
18.16.7 Impact of Colonialism on Art and Culture in Africa
18.16.8 Developments in Education in Africa (19th and 20th Centuries)
18.17.1 Origins of the State of Israel
18.17.2 Arab–Israeli Conflicts
18.17.3 Post-war Egypt: Political and Social Transformation
18.17.4 Post-war Developments in Iran (1945–1979)
18.17.5 The Complex History of Lebanon
18.17.6 Arab States' Relations with Israel Post-1973 War
18.18.1 Causes of Ethnic Conflict, Civil War, and Military Intervention in Post-Independence Africa
18.18.2 Impact of Ethnic Conflict, Civil War, and Military Intervention
18.18.3 Social and Economic Challenges in Post-Independence Africa
18.18.4 Establishment of Single-Party States in Post-Independence Africa
18.18.5 Return to Multi-Party Democracy in Africa (1980s and 1990s)
18.18.6 Economic Growth and Development in Africa to 2005
19.1.1 Indigenous Societies and Cultures in the Americas (c750–1500): Types of Political Organization
19.1.2 The Role of Warfare in Indigenous Societies and Cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)
19.1.3 Economic and Social Structures in Indigenous Societies (c750–1500)
19.1.4 Indigenous Polytheistic Beliefs
19.1.5 Cultural Insights of Pre-Columbian Indigenous Societies in the Americas
19.2.1 Exploration and Conquest in North America
19.2.2 Exploration and Conquest in Latin America
19.2.3 Economic Impact of European Exploration and Conquest in the Americas (c1492–c1600)
19.2.4 Treatment of Indigenous Populations in the Americas (c1492–c1600)
19.2.5 European Rivalries in the Age of Exploration
19.3.1 Political Organisation in Spanish and Portuguese America (1500–1800)
19.3.2 Political Organisation in British and French North America (1500–1800)
19.3.3 Colonial American Economies (1500–1800)
19.3.4 Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms in Colonial Governance and Economies
19.3.5 Limits of State Power and Resistance to Authority in Colonial Governments
19.3.6 Anglo-French Rivalry in North America to 1763
19.4.1 The Aims of the Catholic Church in Spanish and Portuguese America
19.4.2 The Roles of Religious Orders in Colonial Society and Governance
19.4.3 Interactions between Indigenous Belief Systems and Christianity
19.4.4 Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in British North America (1500–1800)
19.4.5 The Great Awakening c1720–c1760
19.4.6 Religion in New France (1500–1800)
19.5.1 Reasons for and Origins of Slavery
19.5.2 Role of Colonial Powers in the Establishment and Expansion of Slavery
19.5.3 Middle Passage
19.5.4 Slave Resistance and Slave Rebellions in British America
19.5.5 Opposition to the Slave Trade and Slavery
19.6.1 Independence Movements in the Americas (1763–1830)
19.6.2 Political, Intellectual, and Military Contributions of Leaders
19.6.3 United States: Processes Leading to the Declaration of Independence
19.6.4 Latin America: Characteristics of the Independence Processes
19.6.5 Attitude of the United States towards Latin American Independence
19.6.6 Impact of Independence on Economies and Societies
19.7.1 The Articles of Confederation and the 1787 Constitution
19.7.2 Latin America: Challenges to the Establishment of Political Systems
19.7.3 The War of 1812: Causes and Impact
19.7.4 Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
19.7.5 Causes and Effects of the 1837 Rebellions in Canada
19.8.1 Slavery: Cotton Economy and Slavery
19.8.2 Origins of the Civil War
19.8.3 Motivations for Westward Expansion
19.8.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Union and Confederate States during the US Civil War
19.8.5 Factors Affecting the Outcome of the Civil War
19.8.6 Reconstruction: Presidential and Congressional Plans
19.9.1 The Causes and Consequences of Railroad Construction in the Americas
19.9.2 Causes and Consequences of Immigration in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries in the Americas
19.9.3 Development and Impact of Ideological Trends
19.9.4 Social and Cultural Changes (Late 19th - Early 20th Centuries)
19.9.5 Influence of Leaders in the Transition to the Modern Era
19.9.6 Social, Economic, and Legal Conditions of African Americans (1865–1929)
19.10.1 United States' Expansionist Foreign Policies
19.10.2 The Spanish–American War (1898): Causes and Effects
19.10.3 Impact of United States' Foreign Policies on the Americas
19.10.4 United States and the First World War
19.10.5 Involvement of Canada in the First World War
19.10.6 Impact of the First World War on Two Countries of the Americas
19.11.1 Rule of Porfirio Díaz
19.11.2 Causes of the Mexican Revolution
19.11.3 The Mexican Revolution and Its Leaders (1910–1917)
19.11.4 Construction of the Post-Revolutionary State (1920–1940)
19.11.5 Lázaro Cárdenas and the Renewal of the Revolution (1934–1940)
19.11.6 The Role of Foreign Powers in the Mexican Revolution
19.11.7 Impact of the Mexican Revolution on Society
19.12.1 The Great Depression: Political and Economic Causes
19.12.2 Nature and Efficacy of Solutions in the United States During the Great Depression
19.12.3 The Great Depression and Canada: Assessing the Solutions
19.12.4 Impact of the Great Depression on Latin America
19.12.5 Latin American Responses to the Great Depression
19.13.1 United States' Neutrality and Entry into the Second World War
19.13.2 Canada's Involvement in the Second World War
19.13.3 Latin American Responses to the Second World War
19.13.4 Role of Latin American Leaders in Global Diplomacy During WWII
19.13.5 The Wartime Experience of Japanese Americans
19.14.1 Impact of the Second World War on the Americas
19.14.2 Development Strategies in Latin America Post-1945
19.14.3 Economic Challenges in the United States and Canada (1945–1981)
19.14.4 Economic Development and Challenges in Brazil Post-1945
19.15.1 Social and Demographic Changes Post-1945
19.15.2 Civil Rights Movements in the United States
19.15.3 Indigenous Rights Movements in the Postwar Period
19.15.4 Popular Culture and its Impact
19.15.5 Educational and Technological Developments (1945–1981)
19.16.1 The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)
19.16.2 The Cuban Revolution (1959–1961)
19.16.3 Political Developments in Chile (1945–1981)
19.17.1 The Nature and Limitations of Democracy in Latin America (1945–1981)
19.17.2 Challenges to Democracy in Latin America (1945–1981)
19.17.3 The Development of Civil Society in Latin America
19.17.4 Resistance to Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America
19.17.5 Transition to Democracy in Latin America in the Late 20th Century
19.18.1 Economic Policies and Challenges in the Americas (1981–2000)
19.18.2 Social Developments and Challenges in the Americas (1981–2000)
19.18.3 Environmental Issues and Conservation Efforts (1981–2000)
19.19.1 Political Developments in the United States and Canada (1980s and 1990s)
19.19.2 Political Developments in Latin America (1980s and 1990s)
19.19.3 The End of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America
19.19.4 US Foreign Policy Towards Latin America in the 1980s and 1990s
19.19.5 Efforts to Address Political Violence in Latin America (Late 20th Century)
19.20.1 Economic Trends and Globalisation in the Americas (2000–2020)
19.20.2 Social and Demographic Challenges in the Americas (2000–2020)
19.20.3 Environmental Issues and Conservation Efforts in the Americas (2000–2020)
19.20.4 Political Developments and Challenges in the Americas (2000–2020)
19.20.5 Foreign Policy and International Relations
19.20.6 Canada's Role in the Americas (2000–2020)
19.20.7 Latin American Integration and Regional Organisations in the Early 21st Century
19.20.8 Issues Related to Migration in the Americas (2000–2020)
20.1.1 The Silk Road Under the Tang Dynasty
20.1.2 Connecting West and East: Interregional Trade
20.1.3 The Mongol Empire's Influence on the Silk Road
20.1.4 Political and Cultural Integration during Mongol Rule
20.1.5 Decline of the Silk Road in the 15th Century
20.2.1 The Gempei War and the Establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate
20.2.2 The Role and Influence of the Samurai
20.2.3 Internal Conflicts Among Samurai Clans
20.2.4 Life and Ethos of the Samurai
20.2.5 Impact of the Samurai on Japanese Society and Culture
20.2.6 The Mongol Invasions and Kamikaze Storms (1274-1281)
20.3.1 China's Outward and Inward Dynamics (1405–1700)
20.3.2 Japan's International Engagements and Isolation
20.3.3 European Expeditions and their Impacts (1405–1700)
20.3.4 Social, Political, and Economic Impacts of Isolation on China and Japan
20.4.1 Origins and Rise of Mughal Power
20.4.2 Consolidation of Mughal Rule under Akbar
20.4.3 Significant Rulers of the Mughal Empire
20.4.4 Religious Dynamics in the Mughal Empire
20.4.5 Decline of the Mughal Empire
20.5.1 Dutch Colonial System in the Dutch East Indies
20.5.2 French Colonial System in Indo-China
20.5.3 The Spanish Colonial System in the Philippines
20.5.4 The Philippines and the United States: Colonial Transition and Impact
20.5.5 Siamese Monarchy: An Epoch of Resilience
20.5.6 Beginnings of Nationalism in South-East Asia
20.6.1 Expansion of the British East India Company
20.6.2 The British Colonial System in India (1773–1857)
20.6.3 Causes and Consequences of the Great Revolt of 1857
20.6.4 Key Developments in India: 1858–1914
20.6.5 Development and Significance of Constitutional Groups in India
20.6.6 Afghanistan and British-Russian Rivalry (The Great Game)
20.6.7 Burma under British Colonialism
20.7.1 Qing Dynasty and Imperial Rule (1700–1868)
20.7.2 Internal Challenges in China (1700–1868)
20.7.3 Chinese Tribute System and Western Trade
20.7.4 The First and Second Opium Wars: Causes and Consequences
20.7.5 Taiping Rebellion: The Heavenly Kingdom's Rise and Fall
20.7.6 Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan (1603-1868)
20.7.7 The Bakumatsu Period in Japan (1853–1868)
20.8.2 Settlement Schemes and Immigration in Oceania (1788–1919)
20.8.3 Tensions Between Indigenous Peoples and Settlers
20.8.4 Impact of Gold Rushes and Urban Growth
20.8.5 Constitutional Developments and National Identity in Oceania (1788–1919)
20.8.6 Impact of World War I on Australia and New Zealand
20.8.7 British Administration in the Pacific Islands (1788–1919)
20.9.1 China's Tongzhi Restoration and Self-Strengthening Movement (1861–1894)
20.9.2 Impact of Sino-Japanese War and Hundred Days’ Reform
20.9.3 Boxer Rebellion and Late Qing Reforms (1900–1911)
20.9.4 The Xinhai Revolution and Its Causes
20.9.5 Japan Meiji Restoration and 1889 Constitution
20.9.6 Social, Cultural, and Economic Developments in Meiji Japan
20.9.7 Rise of Japanese Military Power (1894–1905)
20.9.8 Korean Isolation and Annexation (1876-1910)
20.10.1 Key Political Developments
20.10.2 Role and Importance of Key Groups and Individuals in the Indian Nationalist Movement
20.10.3 Struggle for Independence
20.10.4 Growth of Muslim Separatism
20.10.5 Impact of the Second World War on India and Independence
20.10.6 Post-independence India
20.11.1 Impact of Post-World War I Era on Japan
20.11.2 Taisho Democracy and the Rise of Liberal Values in Japan
20.11.3 Rise of Militarism and Extreme Nationalism in Japan (1912–1990)
20.11.4 Invasions of Manchuria and China
20.11.5 Japan and the Pacific War (1941–1945)
20.11.6 The US Occupation of Japan and Post-War Changes
20.11.7 Japan's Economic Miracle
20.12.1 Rise of National Identity in China (1910–1950)
20.12.2 Nationalist Rule of China (1927–1937)
20.12.3 Rise of Communism in China
20.12.4 Sino-Japanese War and Communist Victory (1937–1945)
20.12.5 Japanese Rule of Korea (1910–1945)
20.12.6 Taiwan and Republic of China (ROC): Jiang Jieshi's Rule
20.13.1 Initial Japanese Victories
20.13.2 Japanese Occupation in South-East Asia
20.13.3 Growth of Nationalism and Independence Movements in South-East Asia during WWII
20.13.4 Emergence and Influence of Leaders in South-East Asia During WWII
20.13.5 Reasons for Indonesian Independence
20.13.6 Case Study: Thailand's Experience in the Second World War
20.14.1 The Consolidation of the Communist State (1949–1961)
20.14.2 Transition to Socialism and Economic Developments (1949–1961)
20.14.3 Social Developments and Rights in the People’s Republic of China (1949–1961)
20.14.4 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
20.14.5 Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs (1949–1976)
20.14.6 The Power Struggle and Deng Xiaoping Era in the People's Republic of China
20.15.1 Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
20.15.2 The Korean War (1950–1953)
20.15.3 Introduction to the Vietnam French Indo-China War (1946–1954)
20.15.4 Vietnam War (1956–1975)
20.15.5 Cambodia Khmer Rouge and Civil War
20.15.6 Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and Civil War
20.16.1 Foreign Policy and Economic Developments under Nehru
20.16.2 India under Various Leaders
20.16.3 Pakistan (1947–1991): Nation-Building and Challenges
20.16.4 Nation-Building in Bangladesh
20.16.5 The Nation-building Process in Ceylon/Sri Lanka
20.17.1 Social and Cultural Developments in Oceania Post-1945
20.17.2 Immigration and Multiculturalism in Post-War Oceania
20.17.3 Government Policies and Achievements in Australia (1945–2005)
20.17.4 Government Policies and Achievements in New Zealand (1945-2005)
20.17.5 Attitudes and Policies Towards Indigenous Peoples in Australia and New Zealand (1945–2005)
20.17.6 Foreign Policy and International Alignments in Oceania (1945–2005)
20.17.7 Economic Policies and Realignment in Oceania (1945–2005)
20.17.8 Emergence of Independent Pacific Island States
20.18.1 Impact of Globalisation
20.18.2 Immigration/Emigration in Asia (1980–2005)
20.18.3 Social Issues and Developments in Asian Countries (1980–2005)
20.18.4 The Role of Religion in Society: Asian Context (1980–2005)
20.18.5 Cultural Change in Asia (1980–2005): A Study of Arts, Globalization, and Media
20.18.6 Emergence of Terrorism in Asia (1980–2005)
21.1.1 Pre-Norman England and the Impact of the Norman Invasion
21.1.2 Normans in England: William I, Duke of Normandy
21.1.3 Angevin Commonwealth: Henry II's Policies and Governance
21.1.4 The Duchy of Normandy and its Relations with France (1066-1223)
21.1.5 Extension of Royal Power in France under the Capetians
21.1.6 Comparison of Royal Government in England and France (1066–1223)
21.2.1 Reasons for Hostility to Muslims in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)
21.2.2 Christian Opposition to Muslim States in Spain (1095–1492)
21.2.3 Results of Conflict Between Christian and Muslim States in Spain
21.2.4 Role and Contribution of Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)
21.2.5 Reasons for Persecution of Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)
21.2.6 Impact of Persecution of Jews (1095–1492)
21.3.1 Succession Crises in England: Edward II and Richard II
21.3.2 The Hundred Years War (1337–1360 and 1369–1389)
21.3.3 The Hundred Years War (1415–1453)
21.3.4 The Rise and Fall of Ducal Burgundy (1363–1477)
21.3.5 Crisis of Monarchy and Challenges to Royal Authority (15th Century)
21.3.6 Nature of Kingship and Challenges (1422–1483)
21.3.7 The Wars of the Roses
21.4.1 The Renaissance in Italy: Origins, Causes, and Development
21.4.2 Forms of Government in Italian City-States During the Renaissance
21.4.3 The Importance of Patronage in the Renaissance
21.4.4 The Impact of Literature and Political Writings during the Renaissance
21.4.5 The Northern Renaissance
21.4.6 The Renaissance in Spain
21.5.1 Motives for Exploration in the 15th Century
21.5.2 Enablers of Exploration in the 15th Century
21.5.3 Portuguese Exploration of the West Coast of Africa
21.5.4 Exploration and the New World (1492–1550)
21.5.5 Exploration and the Indian Ocean (1400–1550)
21.5.6 The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
21.5.7 Impact on Europe to 1550: The Age of Exploration and its Consequences
21.6.1 The Catholic Church in 16th Century Europe
21.6.2 Religious Ideas and Impact of Martin Luther
21.6.3 Spread of Lutheran Ideas in Germany (c1500–1563)
21.6.4 Religion and Conflict in Germany (c1500–1563)
21.6.5 Response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation
21.7.1 The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Ideas
21.7.2 Enlightenment Ideas in Two European Regions: England and France
21.7.3 Absolutism Monarchs: Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia
21.7.4 Enlightened Despots: A Comparative Study
21.7.5 Social and Economic Change in the Enlightenment Era
21.7.6 Monarchy, Patronage, and the Arts: The Baroque Movement (1650–1800)
21.8.1 Crisis of the Ancien Régime
21.8.2 The French Revolution: Monarchy to Republic
21.8.3 Impact of the French Revolution (1792–1799)
21.8.4 Establishment and Collapse of the Directory (1795–1799)
21.8.5 Rise and Rule of Napoleon (1799–1815)
21.8.6 Napoleonic Wars and Collapse of the Empire
21.9.1 The Bourbon Restoration and the Congress of Vienna
21.9.2 Reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X (1815–1830)
21.9.3 Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy
21.9.4 The 1848 Revolution and the Emergence of Louis-Napoleon
21.9.5 Napoleon III and the Second Empire
21.9.6 The Third Republic of France (1871–1914)
21.10.1 Social Protest in Britain (1815–1848)
21.10.2 Extension of the Franchise: Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–1885
21.10.3 Victorian Society (c1840–c1900)
21.10.4 Political Figures Disraeli, Gladstone, and Salisbury
21.10.5 Early 20th-Century Britain: A Study in Social and Political Transformation
21.10.6 Unrest and Protest in Britain (1901–1914)
21.11.1 Italy (1815–1849): An Era of Change and Unrest
21.11.2 Germany (1815–1849)
21.11.3 Unification of Italy (1849–1871)
21.11.4 Rise of Prussia and Decline of Austria (1815–1866)
21.11.5 Bismarck, Prussia, and Final Unification
21.11.6 Bismarck's Domestic Policies (1871–1890)
21.12.1 Alexander II (1855–1881): Era of Reform in Tsarist Russia
21.12.2 Policies of Alexander III and Nicholas II (1881–1917)
21.12.3 Causes and Consequences of the 1905 Revolution
21.12.4 Impact of the First World War and the February/March 1917 Crisis
21.12.5 1917 Revolutions and the Rise of Lenin
21.12.6 Lenin’s Russia/Soviet Union (1917–1924)
21.13.1 European Diplomacy and Changing Balance of Power
21.13.2 Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Foreign Policy
21.13.3 Causes of the First World War (1914-1918)
21.13.4 Impact on Civilian Populations During the First World War (1914–1918)
21.13.5 Factors Leading to the Defeat of Germany and the Central Powers in the First World War
21.14.1 Weimar Germany (1918–1933)
21.14.2 Hitler’s Germany (1933–1939)
21.14.3 Italy (1918–1939): The Fascist Era
21.14.4 Spain (1918–1939): Political, Social, and Economic Overview
21.15.1 The Paris Peace Treaties (1919–1923)
21.15.2 League of Nations and Europe
21.15.3 Italian and German Foreign Policies (1919–1941)
21.15.4 Collective Security and Appeasement (1919–1941)
21.15.5 Causes of the Second World War and European Conflict (1939–1941)
21.15.6 Impact of the Second World War on Civilian Populations
21.16.1 The Soviet Union (1924–1941): Stalin and the Struggle for Power
21.16.2 Impact of the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) on the Soviet Union
21.16.3 Khrushchev and Brezhnev Domestic Policies and Foreign Relations
21.16.4 Transformation of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) Under Gorbachev
21.16.5 Collapse of the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia to 2000
21.17.1 Breakdown of the Wartime Alliance and the Emergence of the Cold War
21.17.2 Post-war Problems and Economic Recovery in Western Europe (1945–1963)
21.17.3 West Germany (1963–1990) Domestic Policies and Reunification
21.17.4 Spain: Franco’s Regime to Democracy and Developments (1945-2000)
21.18.1 Soviet Domination in Central and Eastern Europe (1945–1955)
21.18.2 Support, Cooperation, Repression, and Protest in Central and Eastern Europe (1945–1968)
21.18.3 Acceptance and Opposition to Soviet Control (1968–1989)
21.18.4 Collapse of Soviet Control and Its Causes (1989)
21.18.5 Balkan Conflicts in the 1990s

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