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CIE A-Level Geography

Study Notes

1. Core Physical Geography: Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology

1.1.1 Outputs 1.1.2 Stores 1.1.3 Above Ground Flows 1.1.4 Below Ground Flows 1.1.5 Underground Water

1.2.1 Components of Hydrographs 1.2.2 Influences on Hydrographs 1.2.3 Climate Influences 1.2.4 Drainage Basin Characteristics

1.3.1 Channel Processes: Erosion 1.3.2 Channel Processes: Load Transport 1.3.3 Channel Processes: Deposition 1.3.4 River Flow 1.3.5 Channel Types 1.3.6 Landforms

1.4.1 Land-Use Changes and Hydrological Impacts 1.4.2 Flood Dynamics and Human Factors 1.4.3 Flood Management 1.4.4 Case Study: River Flood Event

1.1.1 Outputs 1.1.2 Stores 1.1.3 Above Ground Flows 1.1.4 Below Ground Flows 1.1.5 Underground Water

1.2.1 Components of Hydrographs 1.2.2 Influences on Hydrographs 1.2.3 Climate Influences 1.2.4 Drainage Basin Characteristics

1.3.1 Channel Processes: Erosion 1.3.2 Channel Processes: Load Transport 1.3.3 Channel Processes: Deposition 1.3.4 River Flow 1.3.5 Channel Types 1.3.6 Landforms

1.4.1 Land-Use Changes and Hydrological Impacts 1.4.2 Flood Dynamics and Human Factors 1.4.3 Flood Management 1.4.4 Case Study: River Flood Event

2. Core Physical Geography: Atmosphere and Weather

2.1.1 Solar Radiation Dynamics 2.1.2 Albedo 2.1.3 Heat Transfers 2.1.4 Moisture and Energy Exchange

2.2.1 Latitudinal Radiation Patterns 2.2.2 Atmospheric Transfers 2.2.3 Seasonal Variations 2.2.4 Influence of Geography

2.3.1 Atmospheric Moisture Processes 2.3.2 Causes of Precipitation 2.3.3 Types of Precipitation

2.4.1 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2.4.2 Urban Climatic Effects 2.4.3 Case Study: Urban Climate

2.1.1 Solar Radiation Dynamics 2.1.2 Albedo 2.1.3 Heat Transfers 2.1.4 Moisture and Energy Exchange

2.2.1 Latitudinal Radiation Patterns 2.2.2 Atmospheric Transfers 2.2.3 Seasonal Variations 2.2.4 Influence of Geography

2.3.1 Atmospheric Moisture Processes 2.3.2 Causes of Precipitation 2.3.3 Types of Precipitation

2.4.1 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2.4.2 Urban Climatic Effects 2.4.3 Case Study: Urban Climate

3. Core Physical Geography: Rocks and Weathering

3.1.1 Tectonic Plates and Global Patterns 3.1.2 Types of Plate Boundaries 3.1.3 Processes and Associated Landforms

3.2.1 Physical Weathering Processes 3.2.2 Chemical Weathering Processes 3.2.3 General Factors Affecting Weathering 3.2.4 Specific Factors Affecting Weathering

3.3.1 Slope Processes and Conditions 3.3.2 Mass Movement Types 3.3.3 Water and Sediment Movement

3.4.1 Human Activities and Slope Stability 3.4.2 Strategies to Modify Slopes 3.4.3 Case Study: Impacts on Slopes

3.1.1 Tectonic Plates and Global Patterns 3.1.2 Types of Plate Boundaries 3.1.3 Processes and Associated Landforms

3.2.1 Physical Weathering Processes 3.2.2 Chemical Weathering Processes 3.2.3 General Factors Affecting Weathering 3.2.4 Specific Factors Affecting Weathering

3.3.1 Slope Processes and Conditions 3.3.2 Mass Movement Types 3.3.3 Water and Sediment Movement

3.4.1 Human Activities and Slope Stability 3.4.2 Strategies to Modify Slopes 3.4.3 Case Study: Impacts on Slopes

4. Core Human Geography: Population
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4.1.1 Population Metrics 4.1.2 Factors Affecting Fertility and Mortality 4.1.3 Age/Sex Structure Diagrams 4.1.4 Population Structure

4.2.1 Dynamics of Birth and Death Rates 4.2.2 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)4.2.3 Youthful and Ageing Populations 4.2.4 Population and Development

4.3.1 Food Security 4.3.2 Development of Food Production 4.3.3 Carrying Capacity 4.3.4 Optimum Population

4.4.1 Population Policies 4.4.2 Difficulties in Policy Implementation 4.4.3 Case Study Analysis

4.1.1 Population Metrics 4.1.2 Factors Affecting Fertility and Mortality 4.1.3 Age/Sex Structure Diagrams 4.1.4 Population Structure

4.2.1 Dynamics of Birth and Death Rates 4.2.2 Demographic Transition Model (DTM)4.2.3 Youthful and Ageing Populations 4.2.4 Population and Development

4.3.1 Food Security 4.3.2 Development of Food Production 4.3.3 Carrying Capacity 4.3.4 Optimum Population

4.4.1 Population Policies 4.4.2 Difficulties in Policy Implementation 4.4.3 Case Study Analysis

5. Core Human Geography: Migration
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5.1.1 The Nature of Population Movements 5.1.2 Causes of Migration 5.1.3 Patterns of Migration 5.1.4 Constraints and Barriers to Migration

5.2.1 Rural–Urban and Urban–Rural Movements 5.2.2 Stepped Migration and Urban-Urban Movements 5.2.3 Intra-Urban Movements

5.3.1 Types of International Movements 5.3.2 Causes and Patternsment 5.3.3 Impacts on Source and Destination Areas

5.4.1 Causes of the Migration 5.4.2 Patterns and Impacts 5.4.3 Management and Policy Responses

5.1.1 The Nature of Population Movements 5.1.2 Causes of Migration 5.1.3 Patterns of Migration 5.1.4 Constraints and Barriers to Migration

5.2.1 Rural–Urban and Urban–Rural Movements 5.2.2 Stepped Migration and Urban-Urban Movements 5.2.3 Intra-Urban Movements

5.3.1 Types of International Movements 5.3.2 Causes and Patternsment 5.3.3 Impacts on Source and Destination Areas

5.4.1 Causes of the Migration 5.4.2 Patterns and Impacts 5.4.3 Management and Policy Responses

6. Core Human Geography: Settlement Dynamics
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6.1.1 Contemporary Issues in Rural Settlements 6.1.2 Impacts of Migration 6.1.3 Case Study of Rural Development or Decline

6.2.1 Urban Growth and Urbanisation 6.2.2 Counterurbanisation and Re-urbanisation 6.2.3 Competition for Land and Urban Renewal 6.2.4 World Cities and Urban Hierarchy

6.3.1 Location of Urban Activities 6.3.2 The Changing CBD 6.3.3 Spatial Competition and Zonation 6.3.4 Residential Segregation

6.4.1 Shanty Towns in LICs/MICs 6.4.2 Infrastructure in Urban Areas

6.1.1 Contemporary Issues in Rural Settlements 6.1.2 Impacts of Migration 6.1.3 Case Study of Rural Development or Decline

6.2.1 Urban Growth and Urbanisation 6.2.2 Counterurbanisation and Re-urbanisation 6.2.3 Competition for Land and Urban Renewal 6.2.4 World Cities and Urban Hierarchy

6.3.1 Location of Urban Activities 6.3.2 The Changing CBD 6.3.3 Spatial Competition and Zonation 6.3.4 Residential Segregation

6.4.1 Shanty Towns in LICs/MICs 6.4.2 Infrastructure in Urban Areas

7. Advanced Physical Geography Options: Tropical Environments (A Level)

7.1.1 Distribution of Tropical Climates 7.1.2 Climatic Characteristics and Atmospheric Systems 7.1.3 Temperature and Rainfall Features

7.2.1 Granite Landforms 7.2.2 Limestone Landforms

7.3.1 Plant Communities 7.3.2 Vegetation Characteristics 7.3.3 Nutrient Cycling 7.3.4 Soil Formation and Characteristics

7.4.1 Threats to Tropical Ecosystems 7.4.2 Sustainable Management Challenges 7.4.3 Case Study Evaluation

7.1.1 Distribution of Tropical Climates 7.1.2 Climatic Characteristics and Atmospheric Systems 7.1.3 Temperature and Rainfall Features

7.2.1 Granite Landforms 7.2.2 Limestone Landforms

7.3.1 Plant Communities 7.3.2 Vegetation Characteristics 7.3.3 Nutrient Cycling 7.3.4 Soil Formation and Characteristics

7.4.1 Threats to Tropical Ecosystems 7.4.2 Sustainable Management Challenges 7.4.3 Case Study Evaluation

8. Advanced Physical Geography Options: Coastal Environments (A Level)

8.1.1 Wave Dynamics 8.1.2 Marine Erosion 8.1.3 Sub-aerial Processes 8.1.4 Marine Transportation and Deposition

8.2.1 Erosional Landforms 8.2.2 Depositional Landforms 8.2.3 Sea Level Change and Landforms

8.3.1 Types of Coral Reefs 8.3.2 Conditions for Coral Growth 8.3.3 Threats and Management

8.4.1 Coastal Management Challenges 8.4.2 Hard Engineering Solutions 8.4.3 Soft Engineering Solutions 8.4.4 Case Study Evaluation

8.1.1 Wave Dynamics 8.1.2 Marine Erosion 8.1.3 Sub-aerial Processes 8.1.4 Marine Transportation and Deposition

8.2.1 Erosional Landforms 8.2.2 Depositional Landforms 8.2.3 Sea Level Change and Landforms

8.3.1 Types of Coral Reefs 8.3.2 Conditions for Coral Growth 8.3.3 Threats and Management

8.4.1 Coastal Management Challenges 8.4.2 Hard Engineering Solutions 8.4.3 Soft Engineering Solutions 8.4.4 Case Study Evaluation

9. Advanced Physical Geography Options: Hazardous Environments (A Level)

9.1.1 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards 9.1.2 Earthquake Hazards 9.1.3 Volcanic Hazards 9.1.4 Impacts on Lives and Property 9.1.5 Management and Perception of Risk

9.2.1 Nature and Causes of Mass Movements 9.2.2 Impacts on Lives and Property 9.2.3 Management and Risk Perception

9.3.1 Distribution of Atmospheric Hazards 9.3.2 Formation Processes 9.3.3 Large-scale Disturbance Hazards 9.3.4 Small-scale Disturbance Hazards 9.3.5 Impacts on Lives and Property 9.3.6 Management and Risk Perception

9.4.1 Challenges of Management 9.4.2 Management Solutions 9.4.3 Case Study Evaluation

9.1.1 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards 9.1.2 Earthquake Hazards 9.1.3 Volcanic Hazards 9.1.4 Impacts on Lives and Property 9.1.5 Management and Perception of Risk

9.2.1 Nature and Causes of Mass Movements 9.2.2 Impacts on Lives and Property 9.2.3 Management and Risk Perception

9.3.1 Distribution of Atmospheric Hazards 9.3.2 Formation Processes 9.3.3 Large-scale Disturbance Hazards 9.3.4 Small-scale Disturbance Hazards 9.3.5 Impacts on Lives and Property 9.3.6 Management and Risk Perception

9.4.1 Challenges of Management 9.4.2 Management Solutions 9.4.3 Case Study Evaluation

10. Advanced Physical Geography Options: Hot Arid and Semi-arid Environments (A Level)

10.1.1 Distribution and Characteristics 10.1.2 Definitions and Causes of Aridity 10.1.3 Key Features of Environments

10.2.1 Weathering Processes 10.2.2 Aeolian Processes 10.2.3 Fluvial Processes 10.2.4 Characteristic Landforms 10.2.5 Aeolian vs. Fluvial Roles

10.3.1 Vegetation Adaptations 10.3.2 Soil Processes 10.3.3 Desertification Processes

10.4.1 Challenges of Sustainable Management 10.4.2 Management Solutions 10.4.3 Case Study Evaluation

10.1.1 Distribution and Characteristics 10.1.2 Definitions and Causes of Aridity 10.1.3 Key Features of Environments

10.2.1 Weathering Processes 10.2.2 Aeolian Processes 10.2.3 Fluvial Processes 10.2.4 Characteristic Landforms 10.2.5 Aeolian vs. Fluvial Roles

10.3.1 Vegetation Adaptations 10.3.2 Soil Processes 10.3.3 Desertification Processes

10.4.1 Challenges of Sustainable Management 10.4.2 Management Solutions 10.4.3 Case Study Evaluation

11. Advanced Human Geography Options: Production, location and Change (A Level)
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11.1.1 Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Use 11.1.2 Agricultural System Framework 11.1.3 Intensive vs Extensive Production 11.1.4 Intensification and Extension Issues

11.2.1 The Need for Agricultural Change 11.2.2 Difficulties in Managing Change 11.2.3 Solutions and Their Effectiveness

11.3.1 Location Factors for Industry 11.3.2 Industrial Agglomeration and Zones 11.3.3 The Informal Sector

11.4.1 Industrial Policy 11.4.2 Character, Location, and Organisation Changes 11.4.3 Issues and Challenges 11.4.4 Evaluation of Solutions

11.1.1 Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Use 11.1.2 Agricultural System Framework 11.1.3 Intensive vs Extensive Production 11.1.4 Intensification and Extension Issues

11.2.1 The Need for Agricultural Change 11.2.2 Difficulties in Managing Change 11.2.3 Solutions and Their Effectiveness

11.3.1 Location Factors for Industry 11.3.2 Industrial Agglomeration and Zones 11.3.3 The Informal Sector

11.4.1 Industrial Policy 11.4.2 Character, Location, and Organisation Changes 11.4.3 Issues and Challenges 11.4.4 Evaluation of Solutions

12. Advanced Human Geography Options: Environmental Management (A Level)
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12.1.1 Renewable vs Non-Renewable Resources 12.1.2 National Factors Influencing Energy Dynamics 12.1.3 Trends in Energy Consumption 12.1.4 Environmental Impacts of Energy

12.2.1 Country's Energy Strategy 12.2.2 Evaluation of Strategy Success 12.2.3 Located Power Production Scheme 12.2.4 Evaluation of the Scheme

12.3.1 Nature and Causes of Pollution 12.3.2 Water Demand, Supply, and Quality 12.3.3 Degradation of Rural Environments 12.3.4 Degradation of Urban Environments 12.3.5 Constraints on Environmental Improvement 12.3.6 Protection of At-Risk Environments

12.4.1 Causes of Environmental Degradation 12.4.2 Problems and Issues Faced 12.4.3 Improvement Attempts 12.4.4 Evaluation of Solutions

12.1.1 Renewable vs Non-Renewable Resources 12.1.2 National Factors Influencing Energy Dynamics 12.1.3 Trends in Energy Consumption 12.1.4 Environmental Impacts of Energy

12.2.1 Country's Energy Strategy 12.2.2 Evaluation of Strategy Success 12.2.3 Located Power Production Scheme 12.2.4 Evaluation of the Scheme

12.3.1 Nature and Causes of Pollution 12.3.2 Water Demand, Supply, and Quality 12.3.3 Degradation of Rural Environments 12.3.4 Degradation of Urban Environments 12.3.5 Constraints on Environmental Improvement 12.3.6 Protection of At-Risk Environments

12.4.1 Causes of Environmental Degradation 12.4.2 Problems and Issues Faced 12.4.3 Improvement Attempts 12.4.4 Evaluation of Solutions

13. Advanced Human Geography Options: Global Interdependence (A Level)
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13.1.1 Types of Trade 13.1.2 Global Trade Patterns and Inequalities 13.1.3 Factors Affecting Global Trade 13.1.4 WTO and Free Trade 13.1.5 Fairtrade

13.2.1 International Debt 13.2.2 Types of International Aid 13.2.3 Aid Donors 13.2.4 Impacts of Aid

13.3.1 Growth of International Tourism 13.3.2 Impacts of Tourism 13.3.3 Sustainability in Tourism 13.3.4 Recent Tourism Developments 13.3.5 Tourism Life Cycle Model

13.4.1 Growth and Development of the Destination 13.4.2 Sustainability Issues 13.4.3 Impacts of Tourism 13.4.4 Management Strategies and Solutions 13.4.5 Evaluation of Tourism Impacts and Management

13.1.1 Types of Trade 13.1.2 Global Trade Patterns and Inequalities 13.1.3 Factors Affecting Global Trade 13.1.4 WTO and Free Trade 13.1.5 Fairtrade

13.2.1 International Debt 13.2.2 Types of International Aid 13.2.3 Aid Donors 13.2.4 Impacts of Aid

13.3.1 Growth of International Tourism 13.3.2 Impacts of Tourism 13.3.3 Sustainability in Tourism 13.3.4 Recent Tourism Developments 13.3.5 Tourism Life Cycle Model

13.4.1 Growth and Development of the Destination 13.4.2 Sustainability Issues 13.4.3 Impacts of Tourism 13.4.4 Management Strategies and Solutions 13.4.5 Evaluation of Tourism Impacts and Management

14. Advanced Human Geography Options: Economic Transition (A Level)
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14.1.1 Economic Sectors and Development 14.1.2 Global Inequalities 14.1.3 Measures of Inequality

14.2.1 Global Patterns of Resources and Markets 14.2.2 FDI and the NIDL 14.2.3 TNCs Growth and Structure 14.2.4 Emergence of NICs 14.2.5 Changes in Economic Activity Location

14.3.1 Regional Disparities 14.3.2 Core-Periphery Concept 14.3.3 Cumulative Causation

14.4.1 Regional Development Policy 14.4.2 Regional Disparities 14.4.3 Difficulties in Overcoming Disparities 14.4.4 Evaluation of Solutions

14.1.1 Economic Sectors and Development 14.1.2 Global Inequalities 14.1.3 Measures of Inequality

14.2.1 Global Patterns of Resources and Markets 14.2.2 FDI and the NIDL 14.2.3 TNCs Growth and Structure 14.2.4 Emergence of NICs 14.2.5 Changes in Economic Activity Location

14.3.1 Regional Disparities 14.3.2 Core-Periphery Concept 14.3.3 Cumulative Causation

14.4.1 Regional Development Policy 14.4.2 Regional Disparities 14.4.3 Difficulties in Overcoming Disparities 14.4.4 Evaluation of Solutions

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