Plant species thriving in arid environments generally share several common characteristics that enable them to withstand harsh conditions. First, they often have extensive root systems that reach deep into the soil, tapping into moisture unavailable to plants with shallower roots. These root systems can also store water for future use. Second, their leaves are typically small, sometimes needle-like, or may be modified into spines, reducing the surface area for water loss. Many of these plants also have thick, waxy coatings on their leaves or stems to minimise transpiration. Third, they may exhibit slow growth rates, as rapid growth requires more water and nutrients, which are limited in arid regions. Finally, many arid environment plants have adapted to efficiently utilise available resources, such as sunlight and nutrients, often through specialised photosynthetic processes like CAM photosynthesis. These characteristics enable the plants to maximise their chances of survival in environments with limited water and extreme temperatures.

Plants in arid environments play a crucial role in stabilising their ecosystems. They are often the primary producers, forming the base of the food web and supporting a variety of wildlife. Their root systems help in soil stabilisation, preventing erosion by wind and water. This is particularly important in arid areas where soil can be loose and susceptible to displacement. Additionally, these plants contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing and recycling limited nutrients back into the soil, enhancing its fertility. They also provide microhabitats and shelter for various organisms, contributing to biodiversity. By adapting to extreme conditions, these plants not only survive but also help maintain the ecological balance, supporting the overall health of the arid environment ecosystems.

The main threats to plant life in arid environments include climate change, overgrazing, and human activities like deforestation and urbanisation. Climate change, particularly global warming, can exacerbate the already harsh conditions of arid regions, making them even drier and hotter, which can push the local flora beyond their adaptive capacities. Overgrazing by livestock can lead to soil degradation and erosion, reducing the land's capacity to support vegetation. Human activities such as deforestation for agriculture or urban development can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, impacting the native plant species. Additionally, the introduction of invasive species can disrupt the delicate balance of these ecosystems, outcompeting native plants for resources. These threats collectively challenge the survival of plants in arid environments, necessitating conservation efforts to preserve these unique ecosystems.

Reproduction in arid environment plants is often timed with environmental conditions that are most favourable for the survival of the offspring. Many plants have developed the ability to remain dormant during prolonged dry periods and then rapidly complete their reproductive cycle during brief, favourable conditions, such as a rain event. This synchronisation ensures that seeds are produced and germinate when moisture is available. Some plants produce seeds that are highly resilient and can remain dormant in the soil for extended periods, germinating only when conditions are suitable. Additionally, some species have adapted to reproduce asexually through methods like root sprouting or producing offshoots, which does not rely on water-dependent processes like seed germination. These reproductive strategies are vital for ensuring the continuation of species in the challenging conditions of arid environments.

In arid environments, plants often exhibit unique leaf adaptations to minimise water loss, a critical factor for survival. One common adaptation is the reduction in leaf size or the complete absence of leaves, replaced by photosynthetic stems. Smaller or no leaves mean less surface area for transpiration, the process of water loss through leaves. Additionally, some plants have leaves that are covered in fine hairs or a thick, waxy cuticle. These modifications serve to reflect sunlight, reducing leaf temperature and subsequently reducing the rate of transpiration. Some species may also have leaves that are rolled or folded, reducing the exposure of stomata (the pores through which gas exchange occurs) to the air, further minimising water loss. These adaptations collectively enable plants to maintain their water balance and survive in the water-limited conditions of arid environments.