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AQA A-Level Biology

Study Notes
1.1.1 Core Principles of Biological Chemistry: Fundamental Biochemistry
1.2.1 Understanding Monomers in Biology
1.2.2 Understanding Monomers: The Building Blocks of Life
1.3.1 Monosaccharides: Structure and Function
1.3.2 Disaccharides: Formation and Importance
1.3.3 Polysaccharides: Types and Roles
1.4.1 Triglycerides and Phospholipids
1.5.1 Proteins: Structure and Function
1.5.2 Enzymes and their Mechanisms
1.6.1 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA - Structure and Function
1.6.2 DNA Replication Processes
1.7.1 ATP's Role in Energy Transfer
1.8.1 Specific Roles of Inorganic Ions
2.1.1 Evolutionary Basis of Cell Features
2.1.2 Cell Theory Fundamentals
2.2.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Membrane Structure
2.2.2 Nucleus and DNA
2.2.3 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Eukaryotic Cells
2.2.4 Endomembrane System and Ribosomes
2.2.5 Cell Wall and Vacuole: Structure and Function in Eukaryotic Cells
2.2.6 Cell Specialisation in Multicellular Organisms
2.3.1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure
2.3.2 Viral Structure and Nature
2.4.1 Microscopy Techniques
2.4.2 Cell Fractionation and Ultracentrifugation
2.5.1 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis
2.5.2 Binary Fission in Prokaryotes
2.5.3 Virus Replication Mechanisms
2.6.1 Membrane Transport Mechanisms
2.6.2 Adaptations for Transport in Cells
2.7.1 Cell Surface Molecules and Immunity
2.7.2 Immune Response to Pathogens
2.7.3 HIV and AIDS
2.7.4 Monoclonal Antibodies: Pioneering Precision in Medicine
3.1.1 Surface Area to Volume Ratio: Relationship and Metabolic Rate
3.1.2 Adaptations in Larger Organisms
3.1.3 Practical Applications and Calculations in Surface Area to Volume Ratio
3.2.1 Gas Exchange in Single-Celled Organisms
3.2.2 Insect Respiratory Adaptations
3.2.3 Gas Exchange in Fish
3.2.4 Plant Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Dicotyledonous and Xerophytic Plants
3.2.5 Human Respiratory System
3.3.1 Enzymatic Digestion in Mammalian Systems
3.3.2 Absorption Mechanisms in the Ileum
3.4.1 Haemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
3.4.2 The Mammalian Circulatory System
3.4.3 Cardiovascular Health and Disease
3.5.1 Water Transport via Xylem
3.5.2 Nutrient Transport via Phloem
3.5.3 Experimental Studies in Plant Transport
4.1.1 DNA in Different Cell Types
4.1.2 Chromosome Structure in Eukaryotes
4.1.3 Gene Structure and Expression
4.2.1 Understanding Genomes and Proteomes
4.2.2 Transcription Processes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4.2.3 Translation and Polypeptide Synthesis
4.3.1 Gene Mutation Types and Effects
4.3.2 Chromosomal Mutations: In-depth Analysis of Non-disjunction in Meiosis
4.3.3 Meiosis and Genetic Variation
4.4.1 Mechanisms of Natural Selection
4.4.2 Types of Natural Selection
4.4.3 Adaptations in Species
4.5.1 Species Concept and Recognition
4.5.2 Phylogenetic Classification Systems
4.6.1 Biodiversity within a Community: Measuring Biodiversity
4.7.1 Assessing Genetic Diversity
4.7.2 Quantitative Studies of Variation
5.1.1 Light-Dependent Reactions in Photosynthesis
5.1.2 Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
5.1.3 Limiting Factors and Agricultural Practices in Photosynthesis
5.2.1 Glycolysis: The Fundamental Metabolic Pathway
5.2.2 Aerobic Respiration
5.2.3 Respiration Rate Investigation
5.3.1 Production in Ecosystems
5.3.2 Efficiency of Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
5.4.1 Nutrient Cycles: The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles
5.4.2 Investigating Nutrient Effects in Plant Growth
6.1.1 Types of Stimuli
6.1.2 Receptor Specificity in Organisms
6.1.3 Plant Tropic Responses
6.2.1 Neurone Structure and Function
6.2.2 Action Potential Mechanics in Neurones
6.2.3 Nerve Impulse Transmission
6.3.1 Synapse Structure and Function
6.3.2 Neuromuscular Junctions
6.4.1 The Pacinian Corpuscle: A Detailed Study in Sensory Reception
6.4.2 Human Retinal Function
6.5.1 Heart Rate Regulation
6.6.1 Muscle Contraction Mechanics
6.6.2 Types of Muscle Fibres
6.7.1 Principles and Mechanisms of Homeostasis
6.7.2 Blood Glucose Control in the Human Body
6.7.3 Osmoregulation in the Body
7.1.1 Genotype and Phenotype Relationships
7.1.2 Allele Variations in Diploid Organisms
7.1.3 Genetic Crosses Analysis
7.1.4 Chi-Squared Test Application in Biology
7.2.1 Population Definition and Gene Pool
7.2.2 Hardy–Weinberg Principle
7.2.3 Genetic Variation Factors in Populations
7.3.1 Phenotypic Variation
7.3.2 Natural Selection and Evolution
7.3.3 Mechanisms Leading to Speciation
7.4.1 Community Interactions and Ecosystems
7.4.2 Population Size Estimation Techniques
7.4.3 Ecosystem Dynamics and Succession
7.4.4 Human Impact and Conservation
8.1.1 Mechanisms of Gene Mutation
8.1.2 Mutation Rates and Causes
8.2.1 Cellular Differentiation and DNA Translation
8.2.2 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes
8.2.3 Regulation at the Post-Transcriptional Level
8.2.4 Gene Expression in Cancer
8.3.1 Gene Technology and Medicine: Genome Sequencing Projects
8.3.2 Medical Applications of Gene Technologies
8.4.1 Recombinant DNA Techniques
8.4.2 Diagnostic Applications in Gene Expression
8.4.3 Genetic Fingerprinting in Biology

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