1. Biological Molecules1.1 Core Principles of Biological Chemistry1.1.1 Core Principles of Biological Chemistry: Fundamental Biochemistry1.2 Monomers and Polymers in Biology1.2.1 Understanding Monomers in Biology1.2.2 Understanding Monomers: The Building Blocks of Life1.3 Carbohydrates1.3.1 Monosaccharides: Structure and Function1.3.2 Disaccharides: Formation and Importance1.3.3 Polysaccharides: Types and Roles1.4 Lipids and their Biological Significance1.4.1 Triglycerides and Phospholipids1.5 Proteins: Structure and Function1.5.1 Proteins: Structure and Function1.5.2 Enzymes and their Mechanisms1.6 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA1.6.1 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA - Structure and Function1.6.2 DNA Replication Processes1.7 ATP: Energy Currency of the Cell1.7.1 ATP's Role in Energy Transfer1.8 Inorganic Ions in Biological Systems1.8.1 Specific Roles of Inorganic Ions1. Biological Molecules1.1 Core Principles of Biological Chemistry1.1.1 Core Principles of Biological Chemistry: Fundamental Biochemistry1.2 Monomers and Polymers in Biology1.2.1 Understanding Monomers in Biology1.2.2 Understanding Monomers: The Building Blocks of Life1.3 Carbohydrates1.3.1 Monosaccharides: Structure and Function1.3.2 Disaccharides: Formation and Importance1.3.3 Polysaccharides: Types and Roles1.4 Lipids and their Biological Significance1.4.1 Triglycerides and Phospholipids1.5 Proteins: Structure and Function1.5.1 Proteins: Structure and Function1.5.2 Enzymes and their Mechanisms1.6 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA1.6.1 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA - Structure and Function1.6.2 DNA Replication Processes1.7 ATP: Energy Currency of the Cell1.7.1 ATP's Role in Energy Transfer1.8 Inorganic Ions in Biological Systems1.8.1 Specific Roles of Inorganic Ions2. Cells2.1 Cell Theory and Diversity2.1.1 Evolutionary Basis of Cell Features2.1.2 Cell Theory Fundamentals2.2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure2.2.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Membrane Structure2.2.2 Nucleus and DNA2.2.3 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Eukaryotic Cells2.2.4 Endomembrane System and Ribosomes2.2.5 Cell Wall and Vacuole: Structure and Function in Eukaryotic Cells2.2.6 Cell Specialisation in Multicellular Organisms2.3 Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses2.3.1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure2.3.2 Viral Structure and Nature2.4 Microscopy and Cell Study2.4.1 Microscopy Techniques2.4.2 Cell Fractionation and Ultracentrifugation2.5 Cell Division2.5.1 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis2.5.2 Binary Fission in Prokaryotes2.5.3 Virus Replication Mechanisms2.6 Transport Across Membranes2.6.1 Membrane Transport Mechanisms2.6.2 Adaptations for Transport in Cells2.7 Immune System Interactions2.7.1 Cell Surface Molecules and Immunity2.7.2 Immune Response to Pathogens2.7.3 HIV and AIDS2.7.4 Monoclonal Antibodies: Pioneering Precision in Medicine2. Cells2.1 Cell Theory and Diversity2.1.1 Evolutionary Basis of Cell Features2.1.2 Cell Theory Fundamentals2.2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure2.2.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Membrane Structure2.2.2 Nucleus and DNA2.2.3 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Eukaryotic Cells2.2.4 Endomembrane System and Ribosomes2.2.5 Cell Wall and Vacuole: Structure and Function in Eukaryotic Cells2.2.6 Cell Specialisation in Multicellular Organisms2.3 Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses2.3.1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure2.3.2 Viral Structure and Nature2.4 Microscopy and Cell Study2.4.1 Microscopy Techniques2.4.2 Cell Fractionation and Ultracentrifugation2.5 Cell Division2.5.1 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis2.5.2 Binary Fission in Prokaryotes2.5.3 Virus Replication Mechanisms2.6 Transport Across Membranes2.6.1 Membrane Transport Mechanisms2.6.2 Adaptations for Transport in Cells2.7 Immune System Interactions2.7.1 Cell Surface Molecules and Immunity2.7.2 Immune Response to Pathogens2.7.3 HIV and AIDS2.7.4 Monoclonal Antibodies: Pioneering Precision in Medicine3. Exchange with EnvironmentPremium3.1 Surface Area to Volume Ratio3.1.1 Surface Area to Volume Ratio: Relationship and Metabolic Rate3.1.2 Adaptations in Larger Organisms3.1.3 Practical Applications and Calculations in Surface Area to Volume Ratio3.2 Gas Exchange3.2.1 Gas Exchange in Single-Celled Organisms3.2.2 Insect Respiratory Adaptations3.2.3 Gas Exchange in Fish3.2.4 Plant Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Dicotyledonous and Xerophytic Plants3.2.5 Human Respiratory System3.3 Digestion and Absorption3.3.1 Enzymatic Digestion in Mammalian Systems3.3.2 Absorption Mechanisms in the Ileum3.4 Mass Transport in Animals3.4.1 Haemoglobin and Oxygen Transport3.4.2 The Mammalian Circulatory System3.4.3 Cardiovascular Health and Disease3.5 Mass Transport in Plants3.5.1 Water Transport via Xylem3.5.2 Nutrient Transport via Phloem3.5.3 Experimental Studies in Plant Transport3. Exchange with EnvironmentPremium3.1 Surface Area to Volume Ratio3.1.1 Surface Area to Volume Ratio: Relationship and Metabolic Rate3.1.2 Adaptations in Larger Organisms3.1.3 Practical Applications and Calculations in Surface Area to Volume Ratio3.2 Gas Exchange3.2.1 Gas Exchange in Single-Celled Organisms3.2.2 Insect Respiratory Adaptations3.2.3 Gas Exchange in Fish3.2.4 Plant Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Dicotyledonous and Xerophytic Plants3.2.5 Human Respiratory System3.3 Digestion and Absorption3.3.1 Enzymatic Digestion in Mammalian Systems3.3.2 Absorption Mechanisms in the Ileum3.4 Mass Transport in Animals3.4.1 Haemoglobin and Oxygen Transport3.4.2 The Mammalian Circulatory System3.4.3 Cardiovascular Health and Disease3.5 Mass Transport in Plants3.5.1 Water Transport via Xylem3.5.2 Nutrient Transport via Phloem3.5.3 Experimental Studies in Plant Transport4. Genetic Information and RelationshipsPremium4.1 DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes4.1.1 DNA in Different Cell Types4.1.2 Chromosome Structure in Eukaryotes4.1.3 Gene Structure and Expression4.2 DNA and Protein Synthesis4.2.1 Understanding Genomes and Proteomes4.2.2 Transcription Processes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes4.2.3 Translation and Polypeptide Synthesis4.3 Genetic Diversity and Meiosis4.3.1 Gene Mutation Types and Effects4.3.2 Chromosomal Mutations: In-depth Analysis of Non-disjunction in Meiosis4.3.3 Meiosis and Genetic Variation4.4 Genetic Diversity and Adaptation4.4.1 Mechanisms of Natural Selection4.4.2 Types of Natural Selection4.4.3 Adaptations in Species4.5 Species and Taxonomy4.5.1 Species Concept and Recognition4.5.2 Phylogenetic Classification Systems4.6 Biodiversity within a Community4.6.1 Biodiversity within a Community: Measuring Biodiversity4.7 Investigating Diversity4.7.1 Assessing Genetic Diversity4.7.2 Quantitative Studies of Variation4. Genetic Information and RelationshipsPremium4.1 DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes4.1.1 DNA in Different Cell Types4.1.2 Chromosome Structure in Eukaryotes4.1.3 Gene Structure and Expression4.2 DNA and Protein Synthesis4.2.1 Understanding Genomes and Proteomes4.2.2 Transcription Processes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes4.2.3 Translation and Polypeptide Synthesis4.3 Genetic Diversity and Meiosis4.3.1 Gene Mutation Types and Effects4.3.2 Chromosomal Mutations: In-depth Analysis of Non-disjunction in Meiosis4.3.3 Meiosis and Genetic Variation4.4 Genetic Diversity and Adaptation4.4.1 Mechanisms of Natural Selection4.4.2 Types of Natural Selection4.4.3 Adaptations in Species4.5 Species and Taxonomy4.5.1 Species Concept and Recognition4.5.2 Phylogenetic Classification Systems4.6 Biodiversity within a Community4.6.1 Biodiversity within a Community: Measuring Biodiversity4.7 Investigating Diversity4.7.1 Assessing Genetic Diversity4.7.2 Quantitative Studies of Variation5. Energy Transfers (A Level)5.1 Photosynthesis5.1.1 Light-Dependent Reactions in Photosynthesis5.1.2 Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)5.1.3 Limiting Factors and Agricultural Practices in Photosynthesis5.2 Respiration5.2.1 Glycolysis: The Fundamental Metabolic Pathway5.2.2 Aerobic Respiration5.2.3 Respiration Rate Investigation5.3 Energy and Ecosystems5.3.1 Production in Ecosystems5.3.2 Efficiency of Energy Transfer in Ecosystems5.4 Nutrient Cycles5.4.1 Nutrient Cycles: The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles5.4.2 Investigating Nutrient Effects in Plant Growth5. Energy Transfers (A Level)5.1 Photosynthesis5.1.1 Light-Dependent Reactions in Photosynthesis5.1.2 Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)5.1.3 Limiting Factors and Agricultural Practices in Photosynthesis5.2 Respiration5.2.1 Glycolysis: The Fundamental Metabolic Pathway5.2.2 Aerobic Respiration5.2.3 Respiration Rate Investigation5.3 Energy and Ecosystems5.3.1 Production in Ecosystems5.3.2 Efficiency of Energy Transfer in Ecosystems5.4 Nutrient Cycles5.4.1 Nutrient Cycles: The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles5.4.2 Investigating Nutrient Effects in Plant Growth6. Organism Responses (A Level)6.1 Stimulus and Response Mechanisms6.1.1 Types of Stimuli6.1.2 Receptor Specificity in Organisms6.1.3 Plant Tropic Responses6.2 Nervous System Functioning6.2.1 Neurone Structure and Function6.2.2 Action Potential Mechanics in Neurones6.2.3 Nerve Impulse Transmission6.3 Synaptic Transmission6.3.1 Synapse Structure and Function6.3.2 Neuromuscular Junctions6.4 Sensory Reception6.4.1 The Pacinian Corpuscle: A Detailed Study in Sensory Reception6.4.2 Human Retinal Function6.5 Cardiovascular Control6.5.1 Heart Rate Regulation6.6 Muscle Physiology6.6.1 Muscle Contraction Mechanics6.6.2 Types of Muscle Fibres6.7 Homeostasis6.7.1 Principles and Mechanisms of Homeostasis6.7.2 Blood Glucose Control in the Human Body6.7.3 Osmoregulation in the Body6. Organism Responses (A Level)6.1 Stimulus and Response Mechanisms6.1.1 Types of Stimuli6.1.2 Receptor Specificity in Organisms6.1.3 Plant Tropic Responses6.2 Nervous System Functioning6.2.1 Neurone Structure and Function6.2.2 Action Potential Mechanics in Neurones6.2.3 Nerve Impulse Transmission6.3 Synaptic Transmission6.3.1 Synapse Structure and Function6.3.2 Neuromuscular Junctions6.4 Sensory Reception6.4.1 The Pacinian Corpuscle: A Detailed Study in Sensory Reception6.4.2 Human Retinal Function6.5 Cardiovascular Control6.5.1 Heart Rate Regulation6.6 Muscle Physiology6.6.1 Muscle Contraction Mechanics6.6.2 Types of Muscle Fibres6.7 Homeostasis6.7.1 Principles and Mechanisms of Homeostasis6.7.2 Blood Glucose Control in the Human Body6.7.3 Osmoregulation in the Body7. Genetics and Evolution (A Level)Premium7.1 Inheritance7.1.1 Genotype and Phenotype Relationships7.1.2 Allele Variations in Diploid Organisms7.1.3 Genetic Crosses Analysis7.1.4 Chi-Squared Test Application in Biology7.2 Populations7.2.1 Population Definition and Gene Pool7.2.2 Hardy–Weinberg Principle7.2.3 Genetic Variation Factors in Populations7.3 Speciation7.3.1 Phenotypic Variation7.3.2 Natural Selection and Evolution7.3.3 Mechanisms Leading to Speciation7.4 Ecosystems7.4.1 Community Interactions and Ecosystems7.4.2 Population Size Estimation Techniques7.4.3 Ecosystem Dynamics and Succession7.4.4 Human Impact and Conservation7. Genetics and Evolution (A Level)Premium7.1 Inheritance7.1.1 Genotype and Phenotype Relationships7.1.2 Allele Variations in Diploid Organisms7.1.3 Genetic Crosses Analysis7.1.4 Chi-Squared Test Application in Biology7.2 Populations7.2.1 Population Definition and Gene Pool7.2.2 Hardy–Weinberg Principle7.2.3 Genetic Variation Factors in Populations7.3 Speciation7.3.1 Phenotypic Variation7.3.2 Natural Selection and Evolution7.3.3 Mechanisms Leading to Speciation7.4 Ecosystems7.4.1 Community Interactions and Ecosystems7.4.2 Population Size Estimation Techniques7.4.3 Ecosystem Dynamics and Succession7.4.4 Human Impact and Conservation8. Gene Expression Control (A Level)Premium8.1 Alterations in DNA8.1.1 Mechanisms of Gene Mutation8.1.2 Mutation Rates and Causes8.2 Controlling Gene Expression8.2.1 Cellular Differentiation and DNA Translation8.2.2 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes8.2.3 Regulation at the Post-Transcriptional Level8.2.4 Gene Expression in Cancer8.3 Gene Technology and Medicine8.3.1 Gene Technology and Medicine: Genome Sequencing Projects8.3.2 Medical Applications of Gene Technologies8.4 Practical Applications of Gene Expression8.4.1 Recombinant DNA Techniques8.4.2 Diagnostic Applications in Gene Expression8.4.3 Genetic Fingerprinting in Biology8. Gene Expression Control (A Level)Premium8.1 Alterations in DNA8.1.1 Mechanisms of Gene Mutation8.1.2 Mutation Rates and Causes8.2 Controlling Gene Expression8.2.1 Cellular Differentiation and DNA Translation8.2.2 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes8.2.3 Regulation at the Post-Transcriptional Level8.2.4 Gene Expression in Cancer8.3 Gene Technology and Medicine8.3.1 Gene Technology and Medicine: Genome Sequencing Projects8.3.2 Medical Applications of Gene Technologies8.4 Practical Applications of Gene Expression8.4.1 Recombinant DNA Techniques8.4.2 Diagnostic Applications in Gene Expression8.4.3 Genetic Fingerprinting in Biology
