1. Physical Chemistry1.1 Atomic Structure1.1.1 Evolution of Atomic Theory1.1.2 Structure of the Atom1.1.3 Isotopes and Their Applications1.1.4 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry1.1.5 Electron Arrangement and Behaviour in Atoms and Ions1.1.6 Ionisation Energy and Trends1.2 Amount of Substance1.2.1 Understanding Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) and Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)1.2.2 The Mole and the Avogadro Constant1.2.3 The Ideal Gas Equation1.2.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas in Chemistry1.2.5 Balanced Equations and Associated Calculations1.2.6 Practical Skills and Applications1.3 Bonding1.3.1 Ionic Bonding1.3.2 Nature of Covalent and Dative Covalent Bonds1.3.3 Understanding Metallic Bonding1.3.4 Bonding and Physical Properties1.3.5 Shapes of Simple Molecules and Ions1.3.6 Bond Polarity1.3.7 Forces Between Molecules1.4 Energetics1.4.1 Enthalpy Change1.4.2 Calorimetry1.4.3 Hess's Law Applications in Thermochemistry1.4.4 Bond Enthalpies1.5 Kinetics1.5.1 Collision Theory1.5.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution1.5.3 Temperature and Reaction Rate1.5.4 Concentration and Pressure Effects1.5.5 Catalysts in Reactions1.6 Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier’s Principle and Kc1.6.1 Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle1.6.2 Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems1.7 Oxidation, Reduction, and Redox Equations1.7.1 Fundamentals of Oxidation and Reduction1.7.2 Assigning Oxidation States1.7.3 Writing Half-Equations1.7.4 Constructing Redox Equations1. Physical Chemistry1.1 Atomic Structure1.1.1 Evolution of Atomic Theory1.1.2 Structure of the Atom1.1.3 Isotopes and Their Applications1.1.4 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry1.1.5 Electron Arrangement and Behaviour in Atoms and Ions1.1.6 Ionisation Energy and Trends1.2 Amount of Substance1.2.1 Understanding Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) and Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)1.2.2 The Mole and the Avogadro Constant1.2.3 The Ideal Gas Equation1.2.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas in Chemistry1.2.5 Balanced Equations and Associated Calculations1.2.6 Practical Skills and Applications1.3 Bonding1.3.1 Ionic Bonding1.3.2 Nature of Covalent and Dative Covalent Bonds1.3.3 Understanding Metallic Bonding1.3.4 Bonding and Physical Properties1.3.5 Shapes of Simple Molecules and Ions1.3.6 Bond Polarity1.3.7 Forces Between Molecules1.4 Energetics1.4.1 Enthalpy Change1.4.2 Calorimetry1.4.3 Hess's Law Applications in Thermochemistry1.4.4 Bond Enthalpies1.5 Kinetics1.5.1 Collision Theory1.5.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution1.5.3 Temperature and Reaction Rate1.5.4 Concentration and Pressure Effects1.5.5 Catalysts in Reactions1.6 Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier’s Principle and Kc1.6.1 Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle1.6.2 Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems1.7 Oxidation, Reduction, and Redox Equations1.7.1 Fundamentals of Oxidation and Reduction1.7.2 Assigning Oxidation States1.7.3 Writing Half-Equations1.7.4 Constructing Redox Equations2. Inorganic ChemistryPremium2.1 Periodicity2.1.1 Classification of Elements2.1.2 Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements2.2 Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals2.2.1 Trends in Group 2 Elements2.2.2 Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Water2.2.3 Solubility Trends of Group 2 Hydroxides and Sulfates2.2.4 Applications of Group 2 Elements in Medicine and Agriculture2.2.5 Testing for Sulfate Ions with Acidified BaCl₂ Solution2.3 Group 7(17), the Halogens2.3.1 Trends in Halogen Properties2.3.2 Oxidising and Reducing Abilities of Halogens and Halide Ions2.3.3 Identification of Halide Ions2.3.4 Uses of Chlorine and Chlorate(I)2. Inorganic ChemistryPremium2.1 Periodicity2.1.1 Classification of Elements2.1.2 Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements2.2 Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals2.2.1 Trends in Group 2 Elements2.2.2 Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Water2.2.3 Solubility Trends of Group 2 Hydroxides and Sulfates2.2.4 Applications of Group 2 Elements in Medicine and Agriculture2.2.5 Testing for Sulfate Ions with Acidified BaCl₂ Solution2.3 Group 7(17), the Halogens2.3.1 Trends in Halogen Properties2.3.2 Oxidising and Reducing Abilities of Halogens and Halide Ions2.3.3 Identification of Halide Ions2.3.4 Uses of Chlorine and Chlorate(I)3. Organic ChemistryPremium3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry3.1.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature3.1.2 Reaction Mechanisms3.1.3 Introduction to Isomerism in Organic Chemistry3.2 Alkanes3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil3.2.2 Cracking of Alkanes3.2.3 Combustion of Alkanes3.2.4 Chlorination of Alkanes3.3 Halogenoalkanes3.3.1 Nucleophilic Substitution in Halogenoalkanes3.3.2 Elimination in Halogenoalkanes3.3.3 Ozone Depletion3.4 Alkenes3.4.1 Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity in Alkenes3.4.2 Addition Reactions of Alkenes3.4.3 Addition Polymers3.5 Alcohols3.5.1 Alcohol Production3.5.2 Oxidation of Alcohols3.5.3 Elimination Reactions in Alcohols: A Path to Alkenes and Polymers3.6 Organic Analysis3.6.1 Identification of Functional Groups by Test-Tube Reactions3.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy in Organic Analysis3.6.5 Mass Spectrometry in Organic Analysis3. Organic ChemistryPremium3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry3.1.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature3.1.2 Reaction Mechanisms3.1.3 Introduction to Isomerism in Organic Chemistry3.2 Alkanes3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil3.2.2 Cracking of Alkanes3.2.3 Combustion of Alkanes3.2.4 Chlorination of Alkanes3.3 Halogenoalkanes3.3.1 Nucleophilic Substitution in Halogenoalkanes3.3.2 Elimination in Halogenoalkanes3.3.3 Ozone Depletion3.4 Alkenes3.4.1 Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity in Alkenes3.4.2 Addition Reactions of Alkenes3.4.3 Addition Polymers3.5 Alcohols3.5.1 Alcohol Production3.5.2 Oxidation of Alcohols3.5.3 Elimination Reactions in Alcohols: A Path to Alkenes and Polymers3.6 Organic Analysis3.6.1 Identification of Functional Groups by Test-Tube Reactions3.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy in Organic Analysis3.6.5 Mass Spectrometry in Organic Analysis4. Physical Chemistry Advanced (A Level Only)4.1 Thermodynamics4.1.1 Conceptual Understanding of Lattice Enthalpy4.1.2 Born–Haber Cycles Analysis4.1.3 Solution Enthalpy Calculations in Ionic Compounds4.1.4 Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy4.1.5 Practical Applications in Thermodynamics4.2 Rate Equations4.2.1 Fundamentals of Rate Equations4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant4.2.3 Experimentally Determining Rate Equations4.2.4 Practical Investigations of Reaction Rates4.3 Equilibrium Constant Kp4.3.1 Understanding Kp in Gas Phase Reactions4.3.2 Calculations Involving Kp4.3.3 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Kp4.3.4 Practical Application and Problem Solving with Equilibrium Constant ( Kp )4.4 Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells4.4.1 Understanding Electrode Potentials4.4.2 Representation and Analysis of Electrochemical Cells4.4.3 Experimental Techniques in Electrochemistry4.4.4 Commercial and Industrial Applications of Electrochemical Cells4.5 Acids and Bases4.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid-Base Equilibria4.5.2 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration4.5.3 The Ionic Product of Water, Kₑʷ4.5.4 Weak Acids and Bases, Ka and pKa4.5.5 pH Curves, Titrations, and Indicators4.5.6 Buffer Solutions and Their Action4. Physical Chemistry Advanced (A Level Only)4.1 Thermodynamics4.1.1 Conceptual Understanding of Lattice Enthalpy4.1.2 Born–Haber Cycles Analysis4.1.3 Solution Enthalpy Calculations in Ionic Compounds4.1.4 Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy4.1.5 Practical Applications in Thermodynamics4.2 Rate Equations4.2.1 Fundamentals of Rate Equations4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant4.2.3 Experimentally Determining Rate Equations4.2.4 Practical Investigations of Reaction Rates4.3 Equilibrium Constant Kp4.3.1 Understanding Kp in Gas Phase Reactions4.3.2 Calculations Involving Kp4.3.3 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Kp4.3.4 Practical Application and Problem Solving with Equilibrium Constant ( Kp )4.4 Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells4.4.1 Understanding Electrode Potentials4.4.2 Representation and Analysis of Electrochemical Cells4.4.3 Experimental Techniques in Electrochemistry4.4.4 Commercial and Industrial Applications of Electrochemical Cells4.5 Acids and Bases4.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid-Base Equilibria4.5.2 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration4.5.3 The Ionic Product of Water, Kₑʷ4.5.4 Weak Acids and Bases, Ka and pKa4.5.5 pH Curves, Titrations, and Indicators4.5.6 Buffer Solutions and Their Action5. Inorganic Chemistry Advanced (A Level Only)Premium5.1 Properties of Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides5.1.1 Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Water and Oxygen5.1.2 Melting Points and Structures of Oxides5.1.3 Reactions of Period 3 Oxides with Water and pH Analysis5.1.4 Acid-Base Behaviour and Structural Analysis of Period 3 Oxides5.2 Transition Metals5.2.1 General Properties of Transition Metals5.2.2 Substitution Reactions in Transition Metal Complexes5.2.3 Shapes of Complex Ions5.2.4 Formation of Coloured Ions in Transition Metals5.2.5 Variable Oxidation States and Redox Reactions in Transition Metals5.2.6 Catalysts and Their Mechanisms5.3 Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution5.3.1 Metal-Aqua Ion Formation and Acidity5.3.2 Test-Tube Reactions for Ion Identification5.3.3 Practical Application and Analysis in Ion Identification5. Inorganic Chemistry Advanced (A Level Only)Premium5.1 Properties of Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides5.1.1 Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Water and Oxygen5.1.2 Melting Points and Structures of Oxides5.1.3 Reactions of Period 3 Oxides with Water and pH Analysis5.1.4 Acid-Base Behaviour and Structural Analysis of Period 3 Oxides5.2 Transition Metals5.2.1 General Properties of Transition Metals5.2.2 Substitution Reactions in Transition Metal Complexes5.2.3 Shapes of Complex Ions5.2.4 Formation of Coloured Ions in Transition Metals5.2.5 Variable Oxidation States and Redox Reactions in Transition Metals5.2.6 Catalysts and Their Mechanisms5.3 Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution5.3.1 Metal-Aqua Ion Formation and Acidity5.3.2 Test-Tube Reactions for Ion Identification5.3.3 Practical Application and Analysis in Ion Identification6. Organic Chemistry Advanced (A Level Only)Premium6.1 Optical Isomerism6.1.1 Chirality and Optical Isomers6.1.2 Racemic Mixtures and Their Properties6.1.3 Practical Applications and Experiments in Optical Isomerism6.2 Aldehydes and Ketones6.2.1 Reactivity and Oxidation of Aldehydes6.2.2 Reduction Reactions in Aldehydes and Ketones6.2.3 Formation of Hydroxynitriles6.2.4 Practical Applications and Safety Considerations in Aldehydes and Ketones6.3 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives6.3.1 Carboxylic Acids and Esters6.3.2 Acylation Reactions6.3.3 Practical Applications and Experiments with Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives6.4 Aromatic Chemistry6.4.1 Bonding in Benzene6.4.2 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene6.4.3 Practical Applications and Experiments in Aromatic Chemistry6.5 Amines6.5.1 Comprehensive Synthesis of Amines6.5.2 Exploring the Basic Nature of Amines6.5.3 Nucleophilic Behaviour and Reaction Mechanisms of Amines6.6 Polymers6.6.1 The Chemical Nature and Structure of Amino Acids6.6.2 Structure and Function of Proteins6.6.3 Enzyme Function and Drug Interaction6.6.4 DNA: Structure and Bonding6.6.5 Anticancer Drugs and DNA Interaction6.7 Organic Synthesis6.7.1 Principles of Organic Synthesis6.7.2 Designing Synthesis Pathways in Organic Chemistry6.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy6.8.1 Fundamentals of NMR Spectroscopy6.8.2 Practical Aspects of NMR Analysis6.8.3 Interpretation of NMR Spectra6.8.4 Advanced Problem Solving with NMR Data6.9 Chromatography6.9.1 Fundamentals of Chromatographic Techniques6.9.2 Practical Application of Chromatography6.9.3 Data Analysis in Chromatography6.9.4 Integration with Mass Spectrometry6.9.5 Advanced Chromatographic Problem-Solving6. Organic Chemistry Advanced (A Level Only)Premium6.1 Optical Isomerism6.1.1 Chirality and Optical Isomers6.1.2 Racemic Mixtures and Their Properties6.1.3 Practical Applications and Experiments in Optical Isomerism6.2 Aldehydes and Ketones6.2.1 Reactivity and Oxidation of Aldehydes6.2.2 Reduction Reactions in Aldehydes and Ketones6.2.3 Formation of Hydroxynitriles6.2.4 Practical Applications and Safety Considerations in Aldehydes and Ketones6.3 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives6.3.1 Carboxylic Acids and Esters6.3.2 Acylation Reactions6.3.3 Practical Applications and Experiments with Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives6.4 Aromatic Chemistry6.4.1 Bonding in Benzene6.4.2 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene6.4.3 Practical Applications and Experiments in Aromatic Chemistry6.5 Amines6.5.1 Comprehensive Synthesis of Amines6.5.2 Exploring the Basic Nature of Amines6.5.3 Nucleophilic Behaviour and Reaction Mechanisms of Amines6.6 Polymers6.6.1 The Chemical Nature and Structure of Amino Acids6.6.2 Structure and Function of Proteins6.6.3 Enzyme Function and Drug Interaction6.6.4 DNA: Structure and Bonding6.6.5 Anticancer Drugs and DNA Interaction6.7 Organic Synthesis6.7.1 Principles of Organic Synthesis6.7.2 Designing Synthesis Pathways in Organic Chemistry6.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy6.8.1 Fundamentals of NMR Spectroscopy6.8.2 Practical Aspects of NMR Analysis6.8.3 Interpretation of NMR Spectra6.8.4 Advanced Problem Solving with NMR Data6.9 Chromatography6.9.1 Fundamentals of Chromatographic Techniques6.9.2 Practical Application of Chromatography6.9.3 Data Analysis in Chromatography6.9.4 Integration with Mass Spectrometry6.9.5 Advanced Chromatographic Problem-Solving
