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AQA A-Level Chemistry

Study Notes
1.1.1 Evolution of Atomic Theory
1.1.2 Structure of the Atom
1.1.3 Isotopes and Their Applications
1.1.4 Fundamentals of Mass Spectrometry
1.1.5 Electron Arrangement and Behaviour in Atoms and Ions
1.1.6 Ionisation Energy and Trends
1.2.1 Understanding Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) and Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
1.2.2 The Mole and the Avogadro Constant
1.2.3 The Ideal Gas Equation
1.2.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas in Chemistry
1.2.5 Balanced Equations and Associated Calculations
1.2.6 Practical Skills and Applications
1.3.1 Ionic Bonding
1.3.2 Nature of Covalent and Dative Covalent Bonds
1.3.3 Understanding Metallic Bonding
1.3.4 Bonding and Physical Properties
1.3.5 Shapes of Simple Molecules and Ions
1.3.6 Bond Polarity
1.3.7 Forces Between Molecules
1.4.1 Enthalpy Change
1.4.2 Calorimetry
1.4.3 Hess's Law Applications in Thermochemistry
1.4.4 Bond Enthalpies
1.5.1 Collision Theory
1.5.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution
1.5.3 Temperature and Reaction Rate
1.5.4 Concentration and Pressure Effects
1.5.5 Catalysts in Reactions
1.6.1 Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier's Principle
1.6.2 Equilibrium Constant Kc for Homogeneous Systems
1.7.1 Fundamentals of Oxidation and Reduction
1.7.2 Assigning Oxidation States
1.7.3 Writing Half-Equations
1.7.4 Constructing Redox Equations
2.1.1 Classification of Elements
2.1.2 Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements
2.2.1 Trends in Group 2 Elements
2.2.2 Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Water
2.2.3 Solubility Trends of Group 2 Hydroxides and Sulfates
2.2.4 Applications of Group 2 Elements in Medicine and Agriculture
2.2.5 Testing for Sulfate Ions with Acidified BaCl₂ Solution
2.3.1 Trends in Halogen Properties
2.3.2 Oxidising and Reducing Abilities of Halogens and Halide Ions
2.3.3 Identification of Halide Ions
2.3.4 Uses of Chlorine and Chlorate(I)
3.1.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature
3.1.2 Reaction Mechanisms
3.1.3 Introduction to Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
3.2.2 Cracking of Alkanes
3.2.3 Combustion of Alkanes
3.2.4 Chlorination of Alkanes
3.3.1 Nucleophilic Substitution in Halogenoalkanes
3.3.2 Elimination in Halogenoalkanes
3.3.3 Ozone Depletion
3.4.1 Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity in Alkenes
3.4.2 Addition Reactions of Alkenes
3.4.3 Addition Polymers
3.5.1 Alcohol Production
3.5.2 Oxidation of Alcohols
3.5.3 Elimination Reactions in Alcohols: A Path to Alkenes and Polymers
3.6.1 Identification of Functional Groups by Test-Tube Reactions
3.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy in Organic Analysis
3.6.5 Mass Spectrometry in Organic Analysis
4.1.1 Conceptual Understanding of Lattice Enthalpy
4.1.2 Born–Haber Cycles Analysis
4.1.3 Solution Enthalpy Calculations in Ionic Compounds
4.1.4 Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy
4.1.5 Practical Applications in Thermodynamics
4.2.1 Fundamentals of Rate Equations
4.2.2 Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant
4.2.3 Experimentally Determining Rate Equations
4.2.4 Practical Investigations of Reaction Rates
4.3.1 Understanding Kp in Gas Phase Reactions
4.3.2 Calculations Involving Kp
4.3.3 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Kp
4.3.4 Practical Application and Problem Solving with Equilibrium Constant ( Kp )
4.4.1 Understanding Electrode Potentials
4.4.2 Representation and Analysis of Electrochemical Cells
4.4.3 Experimental Techniques in Electrochemistry
4.4.4 Commercial and Industrial Applications of Electrochemical Cells
4.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid-Base Equilibria
4.5.2 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration
4.5.3 The Ionic Product of Water, Kₑʷ
4.5.4 Weak Acids and Bases, Ka and pKa
4.5.5 pH Curves, Titrations, and Indicators
4.5.6 Buffer Solutions and Their Action
5.1.1 Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Water and Oxygen
5.1.2 Melting Points and Structures of Oxides
5.1.3 Reactions of Period 3 Oxides with Water and pH Analysis
5.1.4 Acid-Base Behaviour and Structural Analysis of Period 3 Oxides
5.2.1 General Properties of Transition Metals
5.2.2 Substitution Reactions in Transition Metal Complexes
5.2.3 Shapes of Complex Ions
5.2.4 Formation of Coloured Ions in Transition Metals
5.2.5 Variable Oxidation States and Redox Reactions in Transition Metals
5.2.6 Catalysts and Their Mechanisms
5.3.1 Metal-Aqua Ion Formation and Acidity
5.3.2 Test-Tube Reactions for Ion Identification
5.3.3 Practical Application and Analysis in Ion Identification
6.1.1 Chirality and Optical Isomers
6.1.2 Racemic Mixtures and Their Properties
6.1.3 Practical Applications and Experiments in Optical Isomerism
6.2.1 Reactivity and Oxidation of Aldehydes
6.2.2 Reduction Reactions in Aldehydes and Ketones
6.2.3 Formation of Hydroxynitriles
6.2.4 Practical Applications and Safety Considerations in Aldehydes and Ketones
6.3.1 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
6.3.2 Acylation Reactions
6.3.3 Practical Applications and Experiments with Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
6.4.1 Bonding in Benzene
6.4.2 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene
6.4.3 Practical Applications and Experiments in Aromatic Chemistry
6.5.1 Comprehensive Synthesis of Amines
6.5.2 Exploring the Basic Nature of Amines
6.5.3 Nucleophilic Behaviour and Reaction Mechanisms of Amines
6.6.1 The Chemical Nature and Structure of Amino Acids
6.6.2 Structure and Function of Proteins
6.6.3 Enzyme Function and Drug Interaction
6.6.4 DNA: Structure and Bonding
6.6.5 Anticancer Drugs and DNA Interaction
6.7.1 Principles of Organic Synthesis
6.7.2 Designing Synthesis Pathways in Organic Chemistry
6.8.1 Fundamentals of NMR Spectroscopy
6.8.2 Practical Aspects of NMR Analysis
6.8.3 Interpretation of NMR Spectra
6.8.4 Advanced Problem Solving with NMR Data
6.9.1 Fundamentals of Chromatographic Techniques
6.9.2 Practical Application of Chromatography
6.9.3 Data Analysis in Chromatography
6.9.4 Integration with Mass Spectrometry
6.9.5 Advanced Chromatographic Problem-Solving

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