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IBDP Physics 2025

Study Notes

1. Space, Time and Motion

1.1.1 Fundamentals of Motion 1.1.2 Dynamics of Motion 1.1.3 Equations of Motion 1.1.4 Principles of Projectile Motion 1.1.5 Impact of Fluid Resistance 1.1.6 Complex Projectile Scenarios

1.2.1 Newton's Laws of Motion 1.2.2 Contact Forces 1.2.3 Buoyancy and Fluid Dynamics 1.2.4 Field Forces 1.2.5 Linear Momentum and Impulse 1.2.6 Collisions and Explosions 1.2.7 Circular Motion Dynamics 1.2.8 Angular Velocity in Circular Motion 1.2.9 Advanced Momentum Concepts (HL)1.2.10 Comprehensive Force Interactions (HL)

1.3.1 Conservation of Energy 1.3.2 Work and Energy Transfer 1.3.3 Types of Mechanical Energy 1.3.4 Power and Efficiency 1.3.5 Energy Sources and Density

1.4.1 Introduction to Torque (HL)1.4.2 Rotational Motion Parameters (HL)1.4.3 Understanding Moment of Inertia (HL)1.4.4 Angular Momentum and Newton's Second Law for Rotation (HL)1.4.5 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion (HL)

1.5.1 Reference Frames (HL)1.5.2 Galilean Relativity and Transformations (HL)1.5.3 Postulates of Special Relativity (HL)1.5.4 Space-Time Interval and Invariance (HL)1.5.5 Relativity of Simultaneity and Space-Time Diagrams (HL)1.5.6 Experimental Evidence for Relativity (HL)1.5.7 Practical Applications of Relativity (HL)

1.1.1 Fundamentals of Motion 1.1.2 Dynamics of Motion 1.1.3 Equations of Motion 1.1.4 Principles of Projectile Motion 1.1.5 Impact of Fluid Resistance 1.1.6 Complex Projectile Scenarios

1.2.1 Newton's Laws of Motion 1.2.2 Contact Forces 1.2.3 Buoyancy and Fluid Dynamics 1.2.4 Field Forces 1.2.5 Linear Momentum and Impulse 1.2.6 Collisions and Explosions 1.2.7 Circular Motion Dynamics 1.2.8 Angular Velocity in Circular Motion 1.2.9 Advanced Momentum Concepts (HL)1.2.10 Comprehensive Force Interactions (HL)

1.3.1 Conservation of Energy 1.3.2 Work and Energy Transfer 1.3.3 Types of Mechanical Energy 1.3.4 Power and Efficiency 1.3.5 Energy Sources and Density

1.4.1 Introduction to Torque (HL)1.4.2 Rotational Motion Parameters (HL)1.4.3 Understanding Moment of Inertia (HL)1.4.4 Angular Momentum and Newton's Second Law for Rotation (HL)1.4.5 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion (HL)

1.5.1 Reference Frames (HL)1.5.2 Galilean Relativity and Transformations (HL)1.5.3 Postulates of Special Relativity (HL)1.5.4 Space-Time Interval and Invariance (HL)1.5.5 Relativity of Simultaneity and Space-Time Diagrams (HL)1.5.6 Experimental Evidence for Relativity (HL)1.5.7 Practical Applications of Relativity (HL)

2. The Particulate Nature of Matter

2.1.1 Molecular Theory and Density 2.1.2 Temperature Scales 2.1.3 Internal Energy and Phase Changes 2.1.4 Thermal Energy Transfers 2.1.5 Conduction and Convection 2.1.6 Radiation and Black Body Emission

2.2.1 Conservation of Energy and Emissivity 2.2.2 Albedo and the Solar Constant 2.2.3 Greenhouse Gases 2.2.4 The Greenhouse Effect Models 2.2.5 Energy Balance Calculations

2.3.1 Understanding Pressure 2.3.2 Substance Quantification 2.3.3 Ideal Gases and Kinetic Theory 2.3.4 Derivation and Application of Gas Laws 2.3.5 Internal Energy of Gases

2.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics (HL)2.4.2 Understanding Entropy (HL)2.4.3 Entropy and the Second Law (HL)2.4.4 Thermodynamic Processes (HL)2.4.5 Heat Engines and Efficiency (HL)

2.5.1 Sources of Current and Circuit Diagrams 2.5.2 Nature of Electric Current 2.5.3 Electric Potential Difference and Work 2.5.4 Conductors, Insulators, and Resistance 2.5.5 Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power 2.5.6 Series and Parallel Circuits 2.5.7 Electric Cells, Emf, and Internal Resistance 2.5.8 Variable Resistors and Real-world Applications

2.1.1 Molecular Theory and Density 2.1.2 Temperature Scales 2.1.3 Internal Energy and Phase Changes 2.1.4 Thermal Energy Transfers 2.1.5 Conduction and Convection 2.1.6 Radiation and Black Body Emission

2.2.1 Conservation of Energy and Emissivity 2.2.2 Albedo and the Solar Constant 2.2.3 Greenhouse Gases 2.2.4 The Greenhouse Effect Models 2.2.5 Energy Balance Calculations

2.3.1 Understanding Pressure 2.3.2 Substance Quantification 2.3.3 Ideal Gases and Kinetic Theory 2.3.4 Derivation and Application of Gas Laws 2.3.5 Internal Energy of Gases

2.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics (HL)2.4.2 Understanding Entropy (HL)2.4.3 Entropy and the Second Law (HL)2.4.4 Thermodynamic Processes (HL)2.4.5 Heat Engines and Efficiency (HL)

2.5.1 Sources of Current and Circuit Diagrams 2.5.2 Nature of Electric Current 2.5.3 Electric Potential Difference and Work 2.5.4 Conductors, Insulators, and Resistance 2.5.5 Ohm’s Law and Electrical Power 2.5.6 Series and Parallel Circuits 2.5.7 Electric Cells, Emf, and Internal Resistance 2.5.8 Variable Resistors and Real-world Applications

3. Wave Behaviour
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3.1.1 Conditions and Definition of SHM 3.1.2 Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)3.1.3 Mass-Spring Systems and Pendulums 3.1.4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)3.1.5 Phase Angle in SHM (HL)3.1.6 Equations of Motion in SHM (HL)3.1.7 Energy Equations in SHM (HL)3.1.8 Radians and Phase Angle Calculations (HL)

3.2.1 Types of Travelling Waves 3.2.2 Wave Parameters 3.2.3 Nature of Sound Waves 3.2.4 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 3.2.5 Mechanical Waves vs Electromagnetic Waves 3.2.6 Particle Motion in Wave Propagation 3.2.7 Energy Transfer in Waves 3.2.8 Application of the Wave Model

3.3.1 Wavefronts and Rays 3.3.2 Wave Behaviour at Boundaries 3.3.3 Wave Diffraction 3.3.4 Snell’s Law and Total Internal Reflection 3.3.5 Superposition and Interference 3.3.6 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 3.3.7 Single-Slit Diffraction (HL)3.3.8 Multiple Slits and Diffraction Gratings (HL)

3.4.1 Formation and Characteristics of Standing Waves 3.4.2 Standing Wave Patterns and Boundary Conditions 3.4.3 Resonance and Natural Frequency 3.4.4 Damping in Oscillatory Systems 3.4.5 Harmonics and Wave Analysis 3.4.6 Practical Implications of Standing Waves and Resonance

3.5.1 Fundamentals of the Doppler Effect 3.5.2 Doppler Effect in Sound and Mechanical Waves (HL)3.5.3 Doppler Effect in Electromagnetic Waves 3.5.4 Practical Applications of the Doppler Effect 3.5.5 Problem-Solving and Analysis (HL)

3.1.1 Conditions and Definition of SHM 3.1.2 Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)3.1.3 Mass-Spring Systems and Pendulums 3.1.4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)3.1.5 Phase Angle in SHM (HL)3.1.6 Equations of Motion in SHM (HL)3.1.7 Energy Equations in SHM (HL)3.1.8 Radians and Phase Angle Calculations (HL)

3.2.1 Types of Travelling Waves 3.2.2 Wave Parameters 3.2.3 Nature of Sound Waves 3.2.4 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 3.2.5 Mechanical Waves vs Electromagnetic Waves 3.2.6 Particle Motion in Wave Propagation 3.2.7 Energy Transfer in Waves 3.2.8 Application of the Wave Model

3.3.1 Wavefronts and Rays 3.3.2 Wave Behaviour at Boundaries 3.3.3 Wave Diffraction 3.3.4 Snell’s Law and Total Internal Reflection 3.3.5 Superposition and Interference 3.3.6 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 3.3.7 Single-Slit Diffraction (HL)3.3.8 Multiple Slits and Diffraction Gratings (HL)

3.4.1 Formation and Characteristics of Standing Waves 3.4.2 Standing Wave Patterns and Boundary Conditions 3.4.3 Resonance and Natural Frequency 3.4.4 Damping in Oscillatory Systems 3.4.5 Harmonics and Wave Analysis 3.4.6 Practical Implications of Standing Waves and Resonance

3.5.1 Fundamentals of the Doppler Effect 3.5.2 Doppler Effect in Sound and Mechanical Waves (HL)3.5.3 Doppler Effect in Electromagnetic Waves 3.5.4 Practical Applications of the Doppler Effect 3.5.5 Problem-Solving and Analysis (HL)

4. Fields
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4.1.1 Kepler’s Laws and Orbital Motion 4.1.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation 4.1.3 Gravitational Field Strength 4.1.4 Gravitational Potential Energy and Potential (HL)4.1.5 Equipotential Surfaces and Field Lines (HL)4.1.6 Work in Gravitational Fields (HL)4.1.7 Escape and Orbital Speeds (HL)4.1.8 Effects of Atmospheric Drag on Orbits

4.2.1 Nature of Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law 4.2.2 Electric Charge Transfer and Conservation 4.2.3 Electric Field and Field Lines 4.2.4 Uniform Electric Field and Magnetic Field Lines 4.2.5 Electric Potential Energy and Potential (HL)4.2.6 Electric Field Strength and Potential Gradient (HL)4.2.7 Work in Electric Fields (HL)

4.3.1 Charged Particles in Electric Fields 4.3.2 Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 4.3.3 Charged Particles in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields 4.3.4 Forces on Current-Carrying Conductors in Magnetic Fields 4.3.5 Forces Between Current-Carrying Wires

4.4.1 Magnetic Flux (HL)4.4.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction (HL)4.4.3 Induced EMF in Moving Conductors (HL)4.4.4 Lenz’s Law and Energy Conservation (HL)4.4.5 Rotating Coils in Magnetic Fields (HL)

4.1.1 Kepler’s Laws and Orbital Motion 4.1.2 Newton's Law of Gravitation 4.1.3 Gravitational Field Strength 4.1.4 Gravitational Potential Energy and Potential (HL)4.1.5 Equipotential Surfaces and Field Lines (HL)4.1.6 Work in Gravitational Fields (HL)4.1.7 Escape and Orbital Speeds (HL)4.1.8 Effects of Atmospheric Drag on Orbits

4.2.1 Nature of Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law 4.2.2 Electric Charge Transfer and Conservation 4.2.3 Electric Field and Field Lines 4.2.4 Uniform Electric Field and Magnetic Field Lines 4.2.5 Electric Potential Energy and Potential (HL)4.2.6 Electric Field Strength and Potential Gradient (HL)4.2.7 Work in Electric Fields (HL)

4.3.1 Charged Particles in Electric Fields 4.3.2 Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 4.3.3 Charged Particles in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields 4.3.4 Forces on Current-Carrying Conductors in Magnetic Fields 4.3.5 Forces Between Current-Carrying Wires

4.4.1 Magnetic Flux (HL)4.4.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction (HL)4.4.3 Induced EMF in Moving Conductors (HL)4.4.4 Lenz’s Law and Energy Conservation (HL)4.4.5 Rotating Coils in Magnetic Fields (HL)

5. Nuclear and Quantum Physics
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5.1.1 Historical Experiments 5.1.2 Nuclear Notation and Properties 5.1.3 Spectra and Atomic Transitions 5.1.4 Nuclear Dimensions and Scattering (HL)5.1.5 Energy Levels in the Bohr Model (HL)5.1.6 Limitations and Extensions of the Bohr Model (HL)

5.2.1 Understanding the Photoelectric Effect (HL)5.2.2 Einstein's Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect (HL)5.2.3 Particle Diffraction and Wave Nature (HL)5.2.4 De Broglie Hypothesis (HL)5.2.5 Compton Scattering - Concept and Evidence (HL)5.2.6 Compton Scattering - Calculations and Implications (HL)

5.3.1 Isotopes 5.3.2 Nuclear Energy and Stability 5.3.3 Mass-Energy Equivalence 5.3.4 Nuclear Forces 5.3.5 Radioactive Decay Mechanisms 5.3.6 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos 5.3.7 Radiation Properties 5.3.8 Radioactivity Measurements 5.3.9 Advanced Radioactive Decay (HL)

5.4.1 Energy Release in Fission 5.4.2 Chain Reactions 5.4.3 Components of a Nuclear Reactor 5.4.4 Managing Fission Products

5.5.1 Stellar Stability and Energy 5.5.2 Stellar Evolution 5.5.3 Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) Diagram 5.5.4 Stellar Measurements and Properties

5.1.1 Historical Experiments 5.1.2 Nuclear Notation and Properties 5.1.3 Spectra and Atomic Transitions 5.1.4 Nuclear Dimensions and Scattering (HL)5.1.5 Energy Levels in the Bohr Model (HL)5.1.6 Limitations and Extensions of the Bohr Model (HL)

5.2.1 Understanding the Photoelectric Effect (HL)5.2.2 Einstein's Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect (HL)5.2.3 Particle Diffraction and Wave Nature (HL)5.2.4 De Broglie Hypothesis (HL)5.2.5 Compton Scattering - Concept and Evidence (HL)5.2.6 Compton Scattering - Calculations and Implications (HL)

5.3.1 Isotopes 5.3.2 Nuclear Energy and Stability 5.3.3 Mass-Energy Equivalence 5.3.4 Nuclear Forces 5.3.5 Radioactive Decay Mechanisms 5.3.6 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos 5.3.7 Radiation Properties 5.3.8 Radioactivity Measurements 5.3.9 Advanced Radioactive Decay (HL)

5.4.1 Energy Release in Fission 5.4.2 Chain Reactions 5.4.3 Components of a Nuclear Reactor 5.4.4 Managing Fission Products

5.5.1 Stellar Stability and Energy 5.5.2 Stellar Evolution 5.5.3 Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) Diagram 5.5.4 Stellar Measurements and Properties

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