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IBDP SEHS HL

Study Notes
1.1.1 Overview of the Skeletal System
1.1.2 Types and Structure of Bones
1.1.3 Anatomical Terminology and Bone Locations
1.1.4 Connective Tissue in the Skeletal System
1.1.5 Joints: Definition and Types
1.2.1 General Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
1.2.2 Types of Muscle Tissue
1.2.3 Structure of Skeletal Muscle
1.2.4 Origin and Insertion of Muscles
1.2.5 Location and Function of Major Skeletal Muscles (Anterior)
1.2.6 Location and Function of Major Skeletal Muscles (Posterior)
2.1.1 Principal Structures of the Ventilatory System
2.1.2 Functions of the Conducting Airways
2.1.3 Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
2.1.4 Mechanics of Ventilation
2.1.5 Control of Ventilation during Exercise
2.1.6 Role of Haemoglobin in Oxygen Transport
2.1.7 Gaseous Exchange at the Alveoli
2.2.1 Composition and Function of Blood
2.2.2 Functions of Blood Cells
2.2.3 Anatomy of the Heart
2.2.4 Heart Rate Regulation and Excitation Sequence
2.2.5 The Relationship between Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
2.2.6 Heart Rate, Cardiac Output, and Stroke Volume
2.2.7 Analysis of Cardiovascular Data
2.2.8 Cardiovascular Drift
2.2.9 Blood Pressure Definitions and Analysis
2.2.10 Blood Pressure Response to Exercise
2.2.11 Blood Distribution: Rest vs. Exercise
2.2.12 Cardiovascular Adaptations to Training
2.2.13 Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)
3.1.1 Macronutrients and Micronutrients
3.1.2 Composition and Structure of Glucose
3.1.3 Lipids: Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acids
3.1.4 Protein Composition and Amino Acids
3.1.5 Healthy Balanced Diet
3.1.6 Energy Content of Macronutrients
3.1.7 Dietary Needs of Endurance Athletes vs Non-Athletes
3.2.1 Metabolism Fundamentals
3.2.2 Glycogen and Triglycerides
3.2.3 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
3.2.4 Glucose Uptake During Exercise
3.3.1 Ultrastructure of an Animal Cell
3.3.2 Ultrastructure of a Mitochondrion
3.3.3 Cell Respiration and ATP
3.3.4 ATP–CP System
3.3.5 Lactic Acid System
3.3.6 Oxygen Deficit and Debt
3.3.7 Aerobic System
3.3.8 Energy Systems in Exercise
4.1.1 Structure of a Motor Unit
4.1.2 Role of Neurotransmitters
4.1.3 Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
4.1.4 Fast and Slow Twitch Fibres
4.2.1 Types of Synovial Joint Movements
4.2.2 Types of Muscle Contractions
4.2.3 Reciprocal Inhibition and Joint Action
4.2.4 Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
4.3.1 Fundamental Definitions in Biomechanics
4.3.2 Analysis of Graphs in Sporting Actions
4.3.3 Centre of Mass in Sports
4.3.4 Levers in Human Anatomy
4.3.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion in Sports
4.3.6 Angular Momentum in Sports
4.3.7 Factors Affecting Projectile Motion
4.3.8 Bernoulli Principle and Projectile Motion
5.1.1 Definition of Skill
5.1.2 Types of Skill
5.1.3 Classification of Motor Skills
5.1.4 Skill Profiles in Sports
5.1.5 Understanding Ability
5.1.6 Fleishman’s Classification of Abilities
5.1.7 Definition of Technique
5.1.8 Relationship among Ability, Skill, and Technique
5.1.9 Skilled vs. Novice Performers
5.2.1 Models of Information Processing
5.2.2 Sensory Input and Signal Detection
5.2.3 Memory and Attention
5.2.4 Memory Improvement Techniques
5.2.5 Response Time and Factors
5.2.6 Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
5.2.7 Motor Programmes and Feedback
5.2.8 Feedback in the Learning Process
5.2.9 Projectile Motion and Biomechanics
5.2.10 Skill, Technique, and Performance
5.3.1 Learning vs. Performance
5.3.2 Phases of Learning and Learning Curves
5.3.3 Factors Influencing Learning Rates
5.3.4 Transfer of Learning
5.3.5 Practice and Presentation Techniques
5.3.6 Teaching Styles in Sports
6.1.1 Understanding Data Variability
6.1.2 Mean and Standard Deviation Calculations
6.1.3 Standard Deviation in Normal Distributions
6.1.4 Comparing Data Sets with Standard Deviation
6.1.5 Coefficient of Variation and Data Significance
6.1.6 Correlation vs. Causation
6.2.1 Principles of Fitness Testing
6.2.2 Scientific Rigour in Study Design
6.2.3 Pre-Test Procedures and Performance Testing
6.3.1 Understanding Fitness Components
6.3.2 Fitness Components in Depth
6.3.3 Evaluation of Fitness Tests
6.4.1 Elements of a General Training Programme
6.4.2 Key Principles of Training Programme Design
6.4.3 Monitoring Exercise Intensity
7.1.1 Structure of the Skin
7.1.2 Functions of the Skin
7.2.1 Principal Structures of the Brain
7.2.2 Principal Lobes of the Cerebrum
7.2.3 Blood Supply to the Brain
7.2.4 Energy for Brain Cells
7.2.5 Functions of the Principal Brain Parts
8.1.1 Major Endocrine Organs
8.1.2 Role of Hormones
8.1.3 Regulation of Hormone Levels
9.1.1 Definition of Fatigue
9.1.2 Types of Fatigue
9.1.3 High-Intensity vs Endurance Activities
9.1.4 Causes of Fatigue
9.1.5 Recovery from Fatigue
10.1.1 Definition of Friction
10.1.2 Coefficient of Friction
10.1.3 Static vs Dynamic Friction
10.2.1 Influence of Friction on Performance
10.3.1 Definition of Drag
10.4.1 Factors Influencing Drag
10.5.1 Free-Body Diagram
11.1.1 Traditional vs Non-linear Pedagogy
11.1.2 Newell’s Constraints-led Approach
11.1.3 Constraints-led Approach & Motivation
11.2.1 Reasons for Using Notational Analysis
11.2.2 Applications of Notation
11.2.3 Phase Analysis vs Performance Outcome Model
11.2.4 Flow Chart System for Match Analysis
11.2.5 Developing a Simple Notation System
11.2.6 Use of Digital Technology
11.2.7 Evaluating Information Technologies
12.1.1 Genes and Inheritance
12.1.2 Influence of Genes
12.1.3 Genetic vs. Environmental Factors
12.1.4 Implications of Genetic Screening
13.1.1 Function of the Immune System
13.1.2 Mechanisms in Response to Damage or Infection
13.2.1 Effects of Intense Exercise
13.2.2 Relationship Between Exercise and Infection Susceptibility
13.3.1 Minimizing Infection Risk Among Athletes
13.3.2 Ethical Considerations
13.3.3 Technology and Sports Analysis
14.1.1 Training, Overtraining, and Overreaching
14.1.2 Various Methods of Training
14.1.3 Indicators of Overtraining
14.1.4 Periodization
14.2.1 Heat Production and Cellular Metabolism
14.2.2 Body Temperature Range
14.2.3 Thermoregulation Mechanisms
14.2.4 Humidity and Wind Effects
14.2.5 Sweat Formation and Response
14.2.6 Physiological Responses to Heat
14.2.7 Health Risks in Hot Conditions
14.2.8 Prevention and Treatment of Heat Disorders
14.2.9 Heat Acclimatisation
14.2.10 Adaptations with Heat Acclimatization
14.3.1 Definition of Ergogenic Aids
14.3.2 The Placebo Effect
14.3.3 Banned Non-Nutritional Ergogenic Aids
14.3.4 Reasons for Banning Substances
14.3.5 Benefits and Expected Gains
14.3.6 Harmful Effects of Long-Term Use
14.4.1 Definition of Active Recovery
14.4.2 Reasons for Active Recovery
14.4.3 Indicators of Recovery
14.4.4 Importance of Planned Recovery
14.4.5 Use of Compression Garments and Cryotherapy
14.5.1 Altitude Categories
14.5.2 Definition of Hypoxia
14.5.3 Physiological Effects of Altitude
14.5.4 Effects of Altitude on Fluid Balance
14.5.5 Altitude Training
14.5.6 Impact of Altitude Training
14.5.7 Impact of Altitude on Sports Performance
14.5.8 Adaptations Resulting from Altitude Hypoxia
14.5.9 Symptoms of Altitude-Related Illnesses
14.5.10 Prevention of High-Altitude Illness
15.1.1 Definition of Personality
15.1.2 Social Learning Theory and Personality
15.1.3 Interactionist Approach to Personality
15.1.4 Issues in Personality Measurement
15.1.5 Evaluation of Personality Research
15.2 Motivation15.3 Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety15.4 Psychological Skills Training15.5 Talent Identification and Development (HL)
15.6.2 Self-Regulated Learning (SRL)
15.6.3 The Interplay of SRL and Motivation
15.6.1 Self-determination Theory (SDT)
16.1.1 Understanding Physical Activity Terms
16.1.2 Hypokinetic Disease: Definition and Types
16.1.3 Physical Activity, Lifestyle, and Hypokinetic Disease
16.2.1 Coronary Circulation and Atherosclerosis
16.2.2 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
16.2.3 Physical Inactivity and Cardiovascular Risk
16.3.1 Determining Obesity
16.3.2 Health Consequences of Obesity
16.3.3 Energy Balance and Obesity
16.3.4 Appetite Regulation and Chemical Signals
16.4.1 Understanding Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
16.4.2 Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
16.4.3 Health Risks Associated with Diabetes
16.5.1 Bone Density Changes Over the Lifespan
16.5.2 Osteoporosis: Risk and Consequences
16.5.3 Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
16.5.4 Physical Activity and Bone Health
16.6.1 Physical Activity Guidelines
16.6.2 Aims of Exercise in Hypokinetic Disease
16.6.3 Barriers to Physical Activity
16.7.1 Understanding Mood
16.7.2 Effects of Exercise on Mood
16.7.3 Exercise and Psychological Well-being
16.7.4 Exercise's Role in Anxiety and Depression
16.7.5 Barriers to Physical Activity
16.7.6 Strategies for Enhancing Exercise Adherence
16.7.7 Negative Aspects of Exercise Adherence
16.8.1 Understanding Diseases and Risks
16.8.2 Public Health Priorities and Exercise Benefits
16.8.3 Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes and Public Health Ethics
16.9.1 Understanding Musculoskeletal Injuries
16.9.2 Types of Injuries and Their Mechanics
16.9.3 Sport-Specific Injuries
16.9.4 Mitigating Risks and Hazards in Sports
16.9.5 Balancing the Benefits and Hazards of Exercise
17.1.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System
17.1.2 pH Levels in the Digestive System
17.1.3 Role of Enzymes in Digestion
17.1.4 Absorption of Nutrients
17.2.1 Importance of Water n the Human Body
17.2.2 Extracellular Fluid Distribution
17.2.3 Water Distribution in Athletes
17.2.4 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
17.2.5 Water Balance Regulation
17.2.6 Monitoring Hydration in Athletes
17.2.7 Water Intake in Endurance Athletes
17.2.8 Electrolyte Balance During Exercise
17.3.1 Basal Metabolic Rate and Energy Components
17.3.2 Body Composition's Impact on Performance
17.3.3 Manipulating Body Composition through Diet
17.4.1 Glycogen Content in Muscle Fibres
17.4.2 Glycogen Utilization in Athletics
17.4.3 Muscle Glycogen Use During Exercise
17.4.4 Understanding Glycemic Index
17.4.5 GI Relevance for Athletes
17.4.6 Carbohydrate Loading and Training
17.4.7 Enhancing Endurance with Sodium and Carbohydrates
17.4.8 Nutritional Ergogenic Aids
17.4.9 Protein Intake Recommendations
17.4.10 Protein Intake for Athletes
17.5.1 Blood Glucose Levels at Rest
17.5.2 Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia
17.5.3 Glucose Transportation in Cells
17.5.4 Training's Impact on Glucose Uptake
17.6.1 Acute Effects of Excess Alcohol
17.6.2 Chronic Effects of Alcohol Intake
17.6.3 Alcohol and Athletic Performance
17.7.1 Role of Antioxidants in the Body
17.7.2 Harmful Effects of Free Radicals
17.7.3 Free Radical Production During Exercise
17.7.4 Antioxidants and Free Radicals: Evaluation

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