Decorative notebook illustration

CIE A-Level Economics

Study Notes

1. Basic Economic Ideas and Resource Allocation

1.1.1 Fundamental Economic Problem of Scarcity 1.1.2 Making Choices at Different Levels 1.1.3 Understanding Opportunity Cost in Economics 1.1.4 Basic Questions of Resource Allocation

1.2.1 Economics as a Social Science 1.2.2 Positive and Normative Statements 1.2.3 Understanding Ceteris Paribus in Economic Analysis 1.2.4 Importance of the Time Period in Economics

1.3.1 Factors of Production: Nature and Definition 1.3.2 Human Capital vs Physical Capital 1.3.3 Rewards to Factors of Production 1.3.4 Division of Labour and Specialisation 1.3.5 Role of the Entrepreneur in Economics

1.4.1 Decision-Making in Various Economies 1.4.2 Resource Allocation in Different Economic Systems

1.5.1 Nature and Meaning of PPC 1.5.2 Shape of the Production Possibility Curve (PPC)1.5.3 Shifts in a Production Possibility Curve (PPC)1.5.4 Significance of a Position within a Production Possibility Curve (PPC)

1.6.1 Free and Private Goods 1.6.2 Public Goods 1.6.3 Merit Goods in Economics 1.6.4 Demerit Goods

1.1.1 Fundamental Economic Problem of Scarcity 1.1.2 Making Choices at Different Levels 1.1.3 Understanding Opportunity Cost in Economics 1.1.4 Basic Questions of Resource Allocation

1.2.1 Economics as a Social Science 1.2.2 Positive and Normative Statements 1.2.3 Understanding Ceteris Paribus in Economic Analysis 1.2.4 Importance of the Time Period in Economics

1.3.1 Factors of Production: Nature and Definition 1.3.2 Human Capital vs Physical Capital 1.3.3 Rewards to Factors of Production 1.3.4 Division of Labour and Specialisation 1.3.5 Role of the Entrepreneur in Economics

1.4.1 Decision-Making in Various Economies 1.4.2 Resource Allocation in Different Economic Systems

1.5.1 Nature and Meaning of PPC 1.5.2 Shape of the Production Possibility Curve (PPC)1.5.3 Shifts in a Production Possibility Curve (PPC)1.5.4 Significance of a Position within a Production Possibility Curve (PPC)

1.6.1 Free and Private Goods 1.6.2 Public Goods 1.6.3 Merit Goods in Economics 1.6.4 Demerit Goods

2. The Price System and the Microeconomy

2.1.1 Effective Demand in Market Economies 2.1.2 Individual and Market Demand and Supply 2.1.3 Determinants of Demand in Economics 2.1.4 Determinants of Supply 2.1.5 Shifts in Demand Curve 2.1.6 Shifts in Supply Curve 2.1.7 Shift vs Movement in Curves

2.2.1 Definitions of Elasticities 2.2.2 Elasticity Calculations 2.2.3 Analyzing Elasticity Coefficients 2.2.4 Elasticity Value Descriptions 2.2.5 Variations in Price Elasticity of Demand 2.2.6 Influencing Factors of Elasticity 2.2.7 Total Expenditure and Price Elasticity of Demand 2.2.8 Decision-making and Elasticities

2.3.1 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Definition 2.3.2 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Calculation 2.3.3 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Coefficient Analysis 2.3.4 Factors Influaining Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)2.3.5 Market Reaction and Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)

2.4.1 Market Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Core Concepts in Economics 2.4.2 Demand and Supply Shifts on Equilibrium 2.4.3 Inter-Market Relationships 2.4.4 Price Functions in Resource Allocation

2.5.1 Consumer Surplus in Market Analysis 2.5.2 Producer Surplus: An In-Depth Economic Perspective 2.5.3 Changes in Consumer and Producer Surplus 2.5.4 Surplus and Price Elasticity

2.1.1 Effective Demand in Market Economies 2.1.2 Individual and Market Demand and Supply 2.1.3 Determinants of Demand in Economics 2.1.4 Determinants of Supply 2.1.5 Shifts in Demand Curve 2.1.6 Shifts in Supply Curve 2.1.7 Shift vs Movement in Curves

2.2.1 Definitions of Elasticities 2.2.2 Elasticity Calculations 2.2.3 Analyzing Elasticity Coefficients 2.2.4 Elasticity Value Descriptions 2.2.5 Variations in Price Elasticity of Demand 2.2.6 Influencing Factors of Elasticity 2.2.7 Total Expenditure and Price Elasticity of Demand 2.2.8 Decision-making and Elasticities

2.3.1 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Definition 2.3.2 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Calculation 2.3.3 Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Coefficient Analysis 2.3.4 Factors Influaining Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)2.3.5 Market Reaction and Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)

2.4.1 Market Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Core Concepts in Economics 2.4.2 Demand and Supply Shifts on Equilibrium 2.4.3 Inter-Market Relationships 2.4.4 Price Functions in Resource Allocation

2.5.1 Consumer Surplus in Market Analysis 2.5.2 Producer Surplus: An In-Depth Economic Perspective 2.5.3 Changes in Consumer and Producer Surplus 2.5.4 Surplus and Price Elasticity

3. Government Microeconomy Intervention

3.1.1 Non-Provision of Public Goods 3.1.2 Over-consumption of Demerit Goods and Under-consumption of Merit Goods 3.1.3 Controlling Prices in Markets

3.2.1 Impact of Specific Indirect Taxes 3.2.2 Impact of Subsidies 3.2.3 Direct Provision of Goods and Services 3.2.4 Maximum and Minimum Prices: Implementation and Impact 3.2.5 Buffer Stock Schemes in Economics 3.2.6 Provision of Information in Market Decision-Making

3.3.1 Understanding Income vs Wealth 3.3.2 Measuring Income and Wealth Inequality 3.3.3 Economic Reasons for Inequality 3.3.4 Policies to Redistribute Income and Wealth

3.1.1 Non-Provision of Public Goods 3.1.2 Over-consumption of Demerit Goods and Under-consumption of Merit Goods 3.1.3 Controlling Prices in Markets

3.2.1 Impact of Specific Indirect Taxes 3.2.2 Impact of Subsidies 3.2.3 Direct Provision of Goods and Services 3.2.4 Maximum and Minimum Prices: Implementation and Impact 3.2.5 Buffer Stock Schemes in Economics 3.2.6 Provision of Information in Market Decision-Making

3.3.1 Understanding Income vs Wealth 3.3.2 Measuring Income and Wealth Inequality 3.3.3 Economic Reasons for Inequality 3.3.4 Policies to Redistribute Income and Wealth

4. The Macroeconomy
Premium

4.1.1 Understanding National Income: Its Meaning and Importance in Economics 4.1.2 Measurement of National Income 4.1.3 Adjustment from Market Prices to Basic Prices in National Income Statistics 4.1.4 Adjustment from Gross to Net Values in National Income

4.2.1 Circular Flow of Income in Different Economies 4.2.2 Injections and Leakages in the Circular Flow of Income 4.2.3 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in the Circular Flow

4.3.1 Definition of Aggregate Demand (AD) in Macroeconomics 4.3.2 Components of Aggregate Demand (AD)4.3.3 Determinants of Aggregate Demand (AD)4.3.4 Shape of the Aggregate Demand Curve 4.3.5 Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve 4.3.6 Definition of Aggregate Supply (AS)4.3.7 Determinants of Aggregate Supply 4.3.8 Shape of the Aggregate Supply Curve 4.3.9 Shifts in the AS Curve: Understanding the Dynamics in Macroeconomics 4.3.10 AD and AS Movements and Shifts 4.3.11 Equilibrium in AD/AS Model 4.3.12 Effects of Shifts in Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS)

4.4.1 Economic Growth: An In-Depth Analysis 4.4.2 Measurement of Economic Growth 4.4.3 Nominal vs Real GDP Growth 4.4.4 Causes of Economic Growth 4.4.5 Consequences of Economic Growth

4.5.1 Meaning of Unemployment 4.5.2 Measures of Unemployment 4.5.3 Causes and Types of Unemployment 4.5.4 Consequences of Unemployment

4.6.1 Understanding Inflation, Deflation, and Disinflation 4.6.2 Measurement of Price Level Changes 4.6.3 Nominal vs Real Data in Price Levels 4.6.4 Causes of Inflation 4.6.5 Consequences of Inflation

4.1.1 Understanding National Income: Its Meaning and Importance in Economics 4.1.2 Measurement of National Income 4.1.3 Adjustment from Market Prices to Basic Prices in National Income Statistics 4.1.4 Adjustment from Gross to Net Values in National Income

4.2.1 Circular Flow of Income in Different Economies 4.2.2 Injections and Leakages in the Circular Flow of Income 4.2.3 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in the Circular Flow

4.3.1 Definition of Aggregate Demand (AD) in Macroeconomics 4.3.2 Components of Aggregate Demand (AD)4.3.3 Determinants of Aggregate Demand (AD)4.3.4 Shape of the Aggregate Demand Curve 4.3.5 Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve 4.3.6 Definition of Aggregate Supply (AS)4.3.7 Determinants of Aggregate Supply 4.3.8 Shape of the Aggregate Supply Curve 4.3.9 Shifts in the AS Curve: Understanding the Dynamics in Macroeconomics 4.3.10 AD and AS Movements and Shifts 4.3.11 Equilibrium in AD/AS Model 4.3.12 Effects of Shifts in Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS)

4.4.1 Economic Growth: An In-Depth Analysis 4.4.2 Measurement of Economic Growth 4.4.3 Nominal vs Real GDP Growth 4.4.4 Causes of Economic Growth 4.4.5 Consequences of Economic Growth

4.5.1 Meaning of Unemployment 4.5.2 Measures of Unemployment 4.5.3 Causes and Types of Unemployment 4.5.4 Consequences of Unemployment

4.6.1 Understanding Inflation, Deflation, and Disinflation 4.6.2 Measurement of Price Level Changes 4.6.3 Nominal vs Real Data in Price Levels 4.6.4 Causes of Inflation 4.6.5 Consequences of Inflation

5. Government Macroeconomic Intervention
Premium

5.1.1 Policy for Macroeconomic Objectives

5.2.1 Government Budget in Economic Management 5.2.2 Budget Deficit vs Surplus 5.2.3 National Debt in Fiscal Policy 5.2.4 Taxation in Fiscal Policy 5.2.5 Government Spending in Fiscal Policy 5.2.6 Expansionary vs Contractionary Fiscal Policy 5.2.7 Fiscal Policy Impact Analysis

5.3.1 Definition of Monetary Policy 5.3.2 Tools of Monetary Policy 5.3.3 Types of Monetary Policy 5.3.4 Monetary Policy Impact Analysis

5.4.1 Supply-side Policy Meaning 5.4.2 Objectives of Supply-side Policy 5.4.3 Tools of Supply-side Policy 5.4.4 Supply-Side Policy Impact Analysis

5.1.1 Policy for Macroeconomic Objectives

5.2.1 Government Budget in Economic Management 5.2.2 Budget Deficit vs Surplus 5.2.3 National Debt in Fiscal Policy 5.2.4 Taxation in Fiscal Policy 5.2.5 Government Spending in Fiscal Policy 5.2.6 Expansionary vs Contractionary Fiscal Policy 5.2.7 Fiscal Policy Impact Analysis

5.3.1 Definition of Monetary Policy 5.3.2 Tools of Monetary Policy 5.3.3 Types of Monetary Policy 5.3.4 Monetary Policy Impact Analysis

5.4.1 Supply-side Policy Meaning 5.4.2 Objectives of Supply-side Policy 5.4.3 Tools of Supply-side Policy 5.4.4 Supply-Side Policy Impact Analysis

6. International Economic Issues
Premium

6.1.1 Absolute and Comparative Advantage in International Trade 6.1.2 Specialisation and Free Trade 6.1.3 Exports, Imports, and Terms of Trade 6.1.4 Limitations of Theories in International Trade

6.2.1 Meaning of Protectionism 6.2.2 Tools of Protection 6.2.3 Arguments for and Against Protectionism

6.3.1 Components of the Current Account 6.3.2 Calculation of Balances 6.3.3 Causes of Imbalances in the Current Account 6.3.4 Consequences of Imbalances in the Current Account

6.4.1 Exchange Rate Definition 6.4.2 Understanding Floating Exchange Rates 6.4.3 Understanding Depreciation and Appreciation in Floating Exchange Rates 6.4.4 Causes of Exchange Rate Changes 6.4.5 Impact of Exchange Rate Changes

6.5.1 Stability of the Current Account 6.5.2 Impact of Various Policies on Current Account Balance

6.1.1 Absolute and Comparative Advantage in International Trade 6.1.2 Specialisation and Free Trade 6.1.3 Exports, Imports, and Terms of Trade 6.1.4 Limitations of Theories in International Trade

6.2.1 Meaning of Protectionism 6.2.2 Tools of Protection 6.2.3 Arguments for and Against Protectionism

6.3.1 Components of the Current Account 6.3.2 Calculation of Balances 6.3.3 Causes of Imbalances in the Current Account 6.3.4 Consequences of Imbalances in the Current Account

6.4.1 Exchange Rate Definition 6.4.2 Understanding Floating Exchange Rates 6.4.3 Understanding Depreciation and Appreciation in Floating Exchange Rates 6.4.4 Causes of Exchange Rate Changes 6.4.5 Impact of Exchange Rate Changes

6.5.1 Stability of the Current Account 6.5.2 Impact of Various Policies on Current Account Balance

7. The Price System and the Microeconomy (A Level)

7.1.1 Total and Marginal Utility in Economics 7.1.2 Diminishing Marginal Utility 7.1.3 Understanding the Equi-Marginal Principle 7.1.4 Derivation of Demand Curve from Utility Analysis 7.1.5 Limitations of Utility Theory

7.2.1 Indifference Curves and Budget Lines in Consumer Choice Theory 7.2.2 Shifts in Budget Line 7.2.3 Income, Substitution, Price Effects on Consumer Choice 7.2.4 Limitations of the Indifference Curve Model

7.3.1 Productive and Allocative Efficiency in Market Contexts 7.3.2 Conditions for Efficiency in Markets 7.3.3 Pareto Optimality in Economic Efficiency 7.3.4 Dynamic Efficiency in Economics 7.3.5 Market Failure 7.3.6 Reasons for Market Failure

7.4.1 Social Costs and Benefits 7.4.2 Positive and Negative Externalities 7.4.3 Deadweight Loss from Externalities 7.4.4 Asymmetric Information and Moral Hazard 7.4.5 Decision Analysis Using Costs/Benefits

7.5.1 Short-run Production Function 7.5.2 Short-run Cost Function in Economics 7.5.3 Long-Run Production Function 7.5.4 Long-run Cost Function 7.5.5 Economies of Scale 7.5.6 Revenue Analysis in Economics 7.5.7 Profit Types and Calculations

7.6.1 Types of Market Structures 7.6.2 Market Structure Features 7.6.3 Barriers to Entry and Exit 7.6.4 Firm Performance in Market Structures 7.6.5 Concentration Ratio in Market Structure

7.7.1 Firm Size Reasons 7.7.2 Internal Growth of Firms 7.7.3 External Growth – Integration 7.7.4 Cartels in Economics 7.7.5 Principal-Agent Problem in Corporate Governance

7.8.1 Profit Maximisation as a Firm Objective 7.8.2 Alternative Firm Objectives 7.8.3 Price Discrimination in Economics 7.8.4 Price Elasticity and Revenue

7.1.1 Total and Marginal Utility in Economics 7.1.2 Diminishing Marginal Utility 7.1.3 Understanding the Equi-Marginal Principle 7.1.4 Derivation of Demand Curve from Utility Analysis 7.1.5 Limitations of Utility Theory

7.2.1 Indifference Curves and Budget Lines in Consumer Choice Theory 7.2.2 Shifts in Budget Line 7.2.3 Income, Substitution, Price Effects on Consumer Choice 7.2.4 Limitations of the Indifference Curve Model

7.3.1 Productive and Allocative Efficiency in Market Contexts 7.3.2 Conditions for Efficiency in Markets 7.3.3 Pareto Optimality in Economic Efficiency 7.3.4 Dynamic Efficiency in Economics 7.3.5 Market Failure 7.3.6 Reasons for Market Failure

7.4.1 Social Costs and Benefits 7.4.2 Positive and Negative Externalities 7.4.3 Deadweight Loss from Externalities 7.4.4 Asymmetric Information and Moral Hazard 7.4.5 Decision Analysis Using Costs/Benefits

7.5.1 Short-run Production Function 7.5.2 Short-run Cost Function in Economics 7.5.3 Long-Run Production Function 7.5.4 Long-run Cost Function 7.5.5 Economies of Scale 7.5.6 Revenue Analysis in Economics 7.5.7 Profit Types and Calculations

7.6.1 Types of Market Structures 7.6.2 Market Structure Features 7.6.3 Barriers to Entry and Exit 7.6.4 Firm Performance in Market Structures 7.6.5 Concentration Ratio in Market Structure

7.7.1 Firm Size Reasons 7.7.2 Internal Growth of Firms 7.7.3 External Growth – Integration 7.7.4 Cartels in Economics 7.7.5 Principal-Agent Problem in Corporate Governance

7.8.1 Profit Maximisation as a Firm Objective 7.8.2 Alternative Firm Objectives 7.8.3 Price Discrimination in Economics 7.8.4 Price Elasticity and Revenue

8. Government Microeconomic Intervention (A Level)

8.1.1 Efficient Resource Allocation and Market Failure: Measures to Tackle Market Failure 8.1.2 Government Failure in Intervention

8.2.1 Equity vs Equality in Economics 8.2.2 Equity vs Efficiency 8.2.3 Poverty Concepts 8.2.4 Poverty Trap: An In-Depth Analysis 8.2.5 Policies for Equity and Equality

8.3.1 Demand for Labour 8.3.2 Labour Demand Shifts and Movement 8.3.3 MRP Theory in Labour Economics 8.3.4 Labour Supply Factors in the Economy 8.3.5 Labour Supply Shifts and Movement 8.3.6 Wage Determination in Perfect Markets 8.3.7 Wage Determination in Imperfect Markets 8.3.8 Wage Differentials in Various Labour Markets 8.3.9 Transfer Earnings and Economic Rent

8.1.1 Efficient Resource Allocation and Market Failure: Measures to Tackle Market Failure 8.1.2 Government Failure in Intervention

8.2.1 Equity vs Equality in Economics 8.2.2 Equity vs Efficiency 8.2.3 Poverty Concepts 8.2.4 Poverty Trap: An In-Depth Analysis 8.2.5 Policies for Equity and Equality

8.3.1 Demand for Labour 8.3.2 Labour Demand Shifts and Movement 8.3.3 MRP Theory in Labour Economics 8.3.4 Labour Supply Factors in the Economy 8.3.5 Labour Supply Shifts and Movement 8.3.6 Wage Determination in Perfect Markets 8.3.7 Wage Determination in Imperfect Markets 8.3.8 Wage Differentials in Various Labour Markets 8.3.9 Transfer Earnings and Economic Rent

9. The Macroeconomy (A Level)
Premium

9.1.1 The Multiplier Process in Economics 9.1.2 Components of Aggregate Demand and Determinants 9.1.3 Full Employment and Equilibrium Income

9.2.1 Economic Growth: Actual vs Potential 9.2.2 Output Gaps 9.2.3 The Business Cycle in Economics 9.2.4 Policies for Economic Growth 9.2.5 Inclusive Economic Growth 9.2.6 Sustainable Economic Growth

9.3.1 Full Employment in Macroeconomics 9.3.2 Types of Unemployment 9.3.3 Natural Rate of Unemployment 9.3.4 (Un)employment Trends 9.3.5 Labour Mobility in Economics 9.3.6 Unemployment Policies

9.4.1 Money: Definition and Functions 9.4.2 Money Supply: A Comprehensive Exploration 9.4.3 Quantity Theory of Money: An In-Depth Analysis of MV = PT 9.4.4 Commercial Banks Functions 9.4.5 Changes in Money Supply in an Open Economy 9.4.6 Inflation Policies 9.4.7 Demand for Money: Liquidity Preference Theory 9.4.8 Interest Rate Determination

9.1.1 The Multiplier Process in Economics 9.1.2 Components of Aggregate Demand and Determinants 9.1.3 Full Employment and Equilibrium Income

9.2.1 Economic Growth: Actual vs Potential 9.2.2 Output Gaps 9.2.3 The Business Cycle in Economics 9.2.4 Policies for Economic Growth 9.2.5 Inclusive Economic Growth 9.2.6 Sustainable Economic Growth

9.3.1 Full Employment in Macroeconomics 9.3.2 Types of Unemployment 9.3.3 Natural Rate of Unemployment 9.3.4 (Un)employment Trends 9.3.5 Labour Mobility in Economics 9.3.6 Unemployment Policies

9.4.1 Money: Definition and Functions 9.4.2 Money Supply: A Comprehensive Exploration 9.4.3 Quantity Theory of Money: An In-Depth Analysis of MV = PT 9.4.4 Commercial Banks Functions 9.4.5 Changes in Money Supply in an Open Economy 9.4.6 Inflation Policies 9.4.7 Demand for Money: Liquidity Preference Theory 9.4.8 Interest Rate Determination

10. Government Macroeconomic Intervention (A Level)
Premium

10.1.1 Macroeconomic Objectives in Government Policy

10.2.1 Internal vs External Value of Money 10.2.2 Balance of Payments and Inflation 10.2.3 Growth-Inflation Nexus 10.2.4 Growth and Balance of Payments 10.2.5 Inflation-Unemployment Relationship

10.3.1 Policy Effectiveness in Macroeconomic Policies 10.3.2 Policy Conflicts and Problems in Macroeconomic Policies 10.3.3 Government Failure in Macroeconomic Policies

10.1.1 Macroeconomic Objectives in Government Policy

10.2.1 Internal vs External Value of Money 10.2.2 Balance of Payments and Inflation 10.2.3 Growth-Inflation Nexus 10.2.4 Growth and Balance of Payments 10.2.5 Inflation-Unemployment Relationship

10.3.1 Policy Effectiveness in Macroeconomic Policies 10.3.2 Policy Conflicts and Problems in Macroeconomic Policies 10.3.3 Government Failure in Macroeconomic Policies

11. International Economic Issues (A Level)
Premium

11.1.1 Balance of Payments Components 11.1.2 Policies Affecting the Balance of Payments 11.1.3 Expenditure-Switching vs Expenditure-Reducing Policies in International Trade

11.2.1 Exchange Rate Measurement 11.2.2 Fixed and Managed Exchange Rate Systems 11.2.3 Understanding Revaluation and Devaluation in Fixed Exchange Rate Systems 11.2.4 Exchange Rate Changes: An In-Depth Analysis of Systems and Their Economic Implications 11.2.5 Exchange Rate Effects on the External Economy

11.3.1 Classification of Economies 11.3.2 Indicators of Living Standards and Development 11.3.3 Growth Rates and Living Standards Comparison

11.4.1 Population Growth and Structure 11.4.2 Income Distribution 11.4.3 Economic Structure

11.5.1 International Aid: A Critical Component in Global Development 11.5.2 Trade and Investment: A Comparative Analysis 11.5.3 Role of Multinational Companies (MNCs)11.5.4 Understanding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)11.5.5 External Debt 11.5.6 IMF and World Bank: Roles in Global Economic Management

11.6.1 Globalisation Concept 11.6.2 Types of Economic Unions 11.6.3 Trade Creation and Diversion

11.1.1 Balance of Payments Components 11.1.2 Policies Affecting the Balance of Payments 11.1.3 Expenditure-Switching vs Expenditure-Reducing Policies in International Trade

11.2.1 Exchange Rate Measurement 11.2.2 Fixed and Managed Exchange Rate Systems 11.2.3 Understanding Revaluation and Devaluation in Fixed Exchange Rate Systems 11.2.4 Exchange Rate Changes: An In-Depth Analysis of Systems and Their Economic Implications 11.2.5 Exchange Rate Effects on the External Economy

11.3.1 Classification of Economies 11.3.2 Indicators of Living Standards and Development 11.3.3 Growth Rates and Living Standards Comparison

11.4.1 Population Growth and Structure 11.4.2 Income Distribution 11.4.3 Economic Structure

11.5.1 International Aid: A Critical Component in Global Development 11.5.2 Trade and Investment: A Comparative Analysis 11.5.3 Role of Multinational Companies (MNCs)11.5.4 Understanding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)11.5.5 External Debt 11.5.6 IMF and World Bank: Roles in Global Economic Management

11.6.1 Globalisation Concept 11.6.2 Types of Economic Unions 11.6.3 Trade Creation and Diversion

Hire a tutor

Please fill out the form and we'll find a tutor for you.

Alternatively contact us via

WhatsApp, Phone Call, or Email

Send WhatsApp Message

+44 (0)1865 306636

info@tutorchase.com