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IBDP ESS

Study Notes

1. Foundations of ESS

1.1.1 Definition of EVS 1.1.2 Types of EVS 1.1.3 Evolution of EVS

1.2.1 Introduction to Systems 1.2.2 Types of Models 1.2.3 Application of Models

1.3.1 Laws of Thermodynamics 1.3.2 Dynamic Equilibrium 1.3.3 Energy Transfers

1.4.1 Definition of Sustainability 1.4.2 Principles of Sustainability 1.4.3 Challenges to Sustainability

1.5.1 Types of Pollution 1.5.2 Causes of Pollution 1.5.3 Impact of Pollution

1.1.1 Definition of EVS 1.1.2 Types of EVS 1.1.3 Evolution of EVS

1.2.1 Introduction to Systems 1.2.2 Types of Models 1.2.3 Application of Models

1.3.1 Laws of Thermodynamics 1.3.2 Dynamic Equilibrium 1.3.3 Energy Transfers

1.4.1 Definition of Sustainability 1.4.2 Principles of Sustainability 1.4.3 Challenges to Sustainability

1.5.1 Types of Pollution 1.5.2 Causes of Pollution 1.5.3 Impact of Pollution

2. Ecosystems & Ecology

2.1.1 Definition of Species 2.1.2 Population Growth Patterns 2.1.3 Population Distribution 2.1.4 Niche and Habitat

2.2.1 Community Structure 2.2.2 Trophic Interactions 2.2.3 Symbiotic Relationships 2.2.4 Keystone Species

2.3.1 Primary & Secondary Productivity 2.3.2 Nutrient Cycles Overview 2.3.3 Carbon Cycle 2.3.4 Nitrogen Cycle

2.4 Biomes, Zonation & Succession

2.5.1 Fieldwork Techniques 2.5.2 Statistical Analysis 2.5.3 Ethical Considerations in Fieldwork

2.1.1 Definition of Species 2.1.2 Population Growth Patterns 2.1.3 Population Distribution 2.1.4 Niche and Habitat

2.2.1 Community Structure 2.2.2 Trophic Interactions 2.2.3 Symbiotic Relationships 2.2.4 Keystone Species

2.3.1 Primary & Secondary Productivity 2.3.2 Nutrient Cycles Overview 2.3.3 Carbon Cycle 2.3.4 Nitrogen Cycle

2.4 Biomes, Zonation & Succession

2.5.1 Fieldwork Techniques 2.5.2 Statistical Analysis 2.5.3 Ethical Considerations in Fieldwork

3. Biodiversity & Conservation

3.1.1 Genetic Diversity 3.1.2 Species Diversity 3.1.3 Ecosystem Diversity 3.1.4 Measuring Biodiversity

3.2.1 Natural Selection 3.2.2 Adaptive Radiation 3.2.3 Geological Events & Biodiversity 3.2.4 Human Influence on Biodiversity

3.3.1 Deforestation 3.3.2 Pollution & Biodiversity 3.3.3 Climate Change 3.3.4 Overharvesting 3.3.5 Urbanisation

3.4.1 Protected Areas 3.4.2 Wildlife Corridors 3.4.3 Captive Breeding & Reintroduction 3.4.4 Conservation Education 3.4.5 International Conservation Efforts

3.1.1 Genetic Diversity 3.1.2 Species Diversity 3.1.3 Ecosystem Diversity 3.1.4 Measuring Biodiversity

3.2.1 Natural Selection 3.2.2 Adaptive Radiation 3.2.3 Geological Events & Biodiversity 3.2.4 Human Influence on Biodiversity

3.3.1 Deforestation 3.3.2 Pollution & Biodiversity 3.3.3 Climate Change 3.3.4 Overharvesting 3.3.5 Urbanisation

3.4.1 Protected Areas 3.4.2 Wildlife Corridors 3.4.3 Captive Breeding & Reintroduction 3.4.4 Conservation Education 3.4.5 International Conservation Efforts

4. Water & Aquatic Food Production Systems & Societies

4.1.1 Hydrological Cycle 4.1.2 Freshwater vs. Saltwater 4.1.3 Aquifers & Groundwater

4.2.1 Water Scarcity 4.2.2 Water Management 4.2.3 Water Pollution

4.3 Aquatic Food Production Systems

4.4.1 Types of Water Pollutants 4.4.2 Eutrophication 4.4.3 Water Treatment

4.1.1 Hydrological Cycle 4.1.2 Freshwater vs. Saltwater 4.1.3 Aquifers & Groundwater

4.2.1 Water Scarcity 4.2.2 Water Management 4.2.3 Water Pollution

4.3 Aquatic Food Production Systems

4.4.1 Types of Water Pollutants 4.4.2 Eutrophication 4.4.3 Water Treatment

5. Soil Systems & Terrestrial Food Production Systems & Societies
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5.1.1 Soil Composition Basics 5.1.2 Mineral Components Soil Organic Matter 5.1.4 Soil Water Dynamics 5.1.5 Soil Profiles & Horizons

5.2.1 Traditional Farming Practices 5.2.2 Modern Agricultural Innovations 5.2.3 Agroecology & Sustainable Practices 5.2.4 Impact of Pesticides & Fertiliser 5.2.5 Dietary Choices & Carbon Footprint

5.3.1 Erosion Mechanisms 5.3.2 Salinisation & Sodification 5.3.3 Soil Compaction 5.3.4 Soil Conservation Techniques 5.3.5 Role of Agroforestry

5.1.1 Soil Composition Basics 5.1.2 Mineral Components Soil Organic Matter 5.1.4 Soil Water Dynamics 5.1.5 Soil Profiles & Horizons

5.2.1 Traditional Farming Practices 5.2.2 Modern Agricultural Innovations 5.2.3 Agroecology & Sustainable Practices 5.2.4 Impact of Pesticides & Fertiliser 5.2.5 Dietary Choices & Carbon Footprint

5.3.1 Erosion Mechanisms 5.3.2 Salinisation & Sodification 5.3.3 Soil Compaction 5.3.4 Soil Conservation Techniques 5.3.5 Role of Agroforestry

6. Atmospheric Systems & Societies
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6.1.1 Major Gases in the Atmosphere 6.1.2 Role of Greenhouse Gases 6.1.3 Atmospheric Pressure & Temperature 6.1.4 Solar Radiation & Earth's Albedo

6.2.1 Chemistry of Ozone Formation 6.2.2 Role of CFCs in Ozone Depletion 6.2.3 Monitoring Ozone Levels 6.2.4 Global Efforts in Ozone Conservation

6.3.1 Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants 6.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides & VOCs 6.3.3 Urban vs. Rural Smog 6.3.4 Technological Solutions to Reduce Smog

6.4.1 Sources of Acidic Pollutants 6.4.2 Soil & Water Buffering 6.4.3 Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems 6.4.4 Building Materials & Acid Rain

6.1.1 Major Gases in the Atmosphere 6.1.2 Role of Greenhouse Gases 6.1.3 Atmospheric Pressure & Temperature 6.1.4 Solar Radiation & Earth's Albedo

6.2.1 Chemistry of Ozone Formation 6.2.2 Role of CFCs in Ozone Depletion 6.2.3 Monitoring Ozone Levels 6.2.4 Global Efforts in Ozone Conservation

6.3.1 Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants 6.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides & VOCs 6.3.3 Urban vs. Rural Smog 6.3.4 Technological Solutions to Reduce Smog

6.4.1 Sources of Acidic Pollutants 6.4.2 Soil & Water Buffering 6.4.3 Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems 6.4.4 Building Materials & Acid Rain

7. Climate Change & Energy Production
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7.1.1 Coal Extraction & Use 7.1.2 Oil: Reserves & Drilling 7.1.3 Natural Gas & Fracking 7.1.4 Solar Energy Technologies 7.1.5 Wind Energy: Onshore & Offshore 7.1.6 Hydroelectric Power 7.1.7 Geothermal Energy Exploration 7.1.8 Nuclear Energy: Fission vs. Fusion

7.2.1 Natural vs. Anthropogenic Causes 7.2.2 Deforestation & Carbon Emissions 7.2.3 Industrial Processes & Emissions 7.2.4 Transportation & Carbon Footprint 7.2.5 Polar Ice Melt & Sea Level Rise 7.2.6 Ocean Acidification

7.3.1 Carbon Capture & Storage 7.3.2 Reforestation & Afforestation 7.3.3 Kyoto vs. Paris Agreements 7.3.4 Urban Planning & Climate Adaptation 7.3.5 Role of Green Technologies

7.1.1 Coal Extraction & Use 7.1.2 Oil: Reserves & Drilling 7.1.3 Natural Gas & Fracking 7.1.4 Solar Energy Technologies 7.1.5 Wind Energy: Onshore & Offshore 7.1.6 Hydroelectric Power 7.1.7 Geothermal Energy Exploration 7.1.8 Nuclear Energy: Fission vs. Fusion

7.2.1 Natural vs. Anthropogenic Causes 7.2.2 Deforestation & Carbon Emissions 7.2.3 Industrial Processes & Emissions 7.2.4 Transportation & Carbon Footprint 7.2.5 Polar Ice Melt & Sea Level Rise 7.2.6 Ocean Acidification

7.3.1 Carbon Capture & Storage 7.3.2 Reforestation & Afforestation 7.3.3 Kyoto vs. Paris Agreements 7.3.4 Urban Planning & Climate Adaptation 7.3.5 Role of Green Technologies

8. Human Systems & Resource Use
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8.1.1 Population Growth Patterns 8.1.2 Demographic Transition Model 8.1.3 Factors Influencing Population Growth 8.1.4 Population Pyramids

8.2.1 Types of Resources 8.2.2 Ecological Footprint 8.2.3 Sustainability & Resource Management 8.2.4 Overconsumption & Its Impacts

8.3.1 Global Energy Consumption Patterns 8.3.2 Energy Efficiency & Conservation 8.3.3 Equity in Resource Distribution 8.3.4 Role of Technology in Resource Equity

8.4.1 Sustainable Development Goals 8.4.2 Conservation Strategies 8.4.3 Role of Indigenous Knowledge 8.4.4 Challenges to Sustainable Development

8.1.1 Population Growth Patterns 8.1.2 Demographic Transition Model 8.1.3 Factors Influencing Population Growth 8.1.4 Population Pyramids

8.2.1 Types of Resources 8.2.2 Ecological Footprint 8.2.3 Sustainability & Resource Management 8.2.4 Overconsumption & Its Impacts

8.3.1 Global Energy Consumption Patterns 8.3.2 Energy Efficiency & Conservation 8.3.3 Equity in Resource Distribution 8.3.4 Role of Technology in Resource Equity

8.4.1 Sustainable Development Goals 8.4.2 Conservation Strategies 8.4.3 Role of Indigenous Knowledge 8.4.4 Challenges to Sustainable Development

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