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IBDP Geography

Study Notes

1. Changing Population

1.1.1 Population Distribution and Variance 1.1.2 Economic Development and Population Patterns 1.1.3 Case Studies and Critical Analysis

1.2.1 Processes of Population Change 1.2.2 Demographic Case Studies 1.2.3 Megacity Growth Consequences 1.2.4 Forced Migration Dynamics 1.2.5 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Skills

1.3.1 Population Decision-Making 1.3.2 Demographic Trends 1.3.3 Population Management Policies 1.3.4 Demographic Dividend 1.3.5 Impact of Population Change on Power Dynamics

1.1.1 Population Distribution and Variance 1.1.2 Economic Development and Population Patterns 1.1.3 Case Studies and Critical Analysis

1.2.1 Processes of Population Change 1.2.2 Demographic Case Studies 1.2.3 Megacity Growth Consequences 1.2.4 Forced Migration Dynamics 1.2.5 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Skills

1.3.1 Population Decision-Making 1.3.2 Demographic Trends 1.3.3 Population Management Policies 1.3.4 Demographic Dividend 1.3.5 Impact of Population Change on Power Dynamics

2. Global Climate- Vulnerability and Resilience
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2.1.1 Global Energy Balance and Atmospheric System 2.1.2 Climate Change Inducers and Feedback Loops 2.1.3 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Emission Variations 2.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Climate System Complexity

2.2.1 Climate Change and Environmental Systems 2.2.2 Biodiversity and Agricultural Shifts 2.2.3 Human Impacts and Spatial Distribution 2.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Spatial Complexity

2.3.1 Climate Change Responses and Decision-making 2.3.2 Contrasting Vulnerabilities 2.3.3 Government-led Strategies 2.3.4 Civil Society and Corporate Responses 2.3.5 Perspectives on Climate Change Action

2.1.1 Global Energy Balance and Atmospheric System 2.1.2 Climate Change Inducers and Feedback Loops 2.1.3 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Emission Variations 2.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Climate System Complexity

2.2.1 Climate Change and Environmental Systems 2.2.2 Biodiversity and Agricultural Shifts 2.2.3 Human Impacts and Spatial Distribution 2.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Spatial Complexity

2.3.1 Climate Change Responses and Decision-making 2.3.2 Contrasting Vulnerabilities 2.3.3 Government-led Strategies 2.3.4 Civil Society and Corporate Responses 2.3.5 Perspectives on Climate Change Action

3. Global Resource Consumption and Security
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3.1.1 Development and Resource Availability 3.1.2 Measuring Resource Consumption 3.1.3 Global Patterns in Resource Use 3.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Spatial Interactions

3.2.1 Resource Pressure and Security 3.2.2 Climate Change and the Resource Nexus 3.2.3 Waste Disposal and Recycling 3.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Varying Perspectives

3.3.1 Perspectives on Population and Consumption 3.3.2 Stewardship Strategies 3.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Diverse Perspectives

3.1.1 Development and Resource Availability 3.1.2 Measuring Resource Consumption 3.1.3 Global Patterns in Resource Use 3.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Spatial Interactions

3.2.1 Resource Pressure and Security 3.2.2 Climate Change and the Resource Nexus 3.2.3 Waste Disposal and Recycling 3.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Varying Perspectives

3.3.1 Perspectives on Population and Consumption 3.3.2 Stewardship Strategies 3.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Diverse Perspectives

4. Power, Places and Networks (HL)

4.1.1 Spatial Variations in Global Power 4.1.2 Global Superpowers 4.1.3 Powerful Organizations and Global Groups 4.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Global Complexity

4.2.1 Global Interconnectedness 4.2.2 Trade and Aid Flows 4.2.3 Economic Migrants and Remittances 4.2.4 Illegal Global Flows 4.2.5 Role of TNCs in Global Networking 4.2.6 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Graphic Representation

4.3.1 Political Factors in Global Interactions 4.3.2 Technological Innovations and Global Connectivity 4.3.3 Physical Environment's Influence on Global Interactions 4.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Globalisation Complexity

4.1.1 Spatial Variations in Global Power 4.1.2 Global Superpowers 4.1.3 Powerful Organizations and Global Groups 4.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Global Complexity

4.2.1 Global Interconnectedness 4.2.2 Trade and Aid Flows 4.2.3 Economic Migrants and Remittances 4.2.4 Illegal Global Flows 4.2.5 Role of TNCs in Global Networking 4.2.6 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Graphic Representation

4.3.1 Political Factors in Global Interactions 4.3.2 Technological Innovations and Global Connectivity 4.3.3 Physical Environment's Influence on Global Interactions 4.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Globalisation Complexity

5. Human Development and Diversity (HL)
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5.1.1 Multidimensional Human Development 5.1.2 Empowerment and Affirmative Action 5.1.3 Social Entrepreneurship and Development 5.1.4 TNCs and Corporate Social Responsibility 5.1.5 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Spatial Interactions

5.2.1 Spectrum of Cultural Diversity 5.2.2 Effects of Global Interactions 5.2.3 Glocalisation and Cultural Hybridity 5.2.4 Changes in Cultural Landscapes 5.2.5 Diasporas' Influence on Diversity 5.2.6 Synthesis and Evaluation 5.2.7 Perspectives on Diversity

5.3.1 Power Dynamics in Local Places 5.3.2 Civil Society Resistance 5.3.3 Geopolitical Constraints on Global Interactions 5.3.4 Civil Society and International-mindedness 5.3.5 Case Studies of Challenged Freedoms 5.3.6 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Scales of Interaction

5.1.1 Multidimensional Human Development 5.1.2 Empowerment and Affirmative Action 5.1.3 Social Entrepreneurship and Development 5.1.4 TNCs and Corporate Social Responsibility 5.1.5 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Spatial Interactions

5.2.1 Spectrum of Cultural Diversity 5.2.2 Effects of Global Interactions 5.2.3 Glocalisation and Cultural Hybridity 5.2.4 Changes in Cultural Landscapes 5.2.5 Diasporas' Influence on Diversity 5.2.6 Synthesis and Evaluation 5.2.7 Perspectives on Diversity

5.3.1 Power Dynamics in Local Places 5.3.2 Civil Society Resistance 5.3.3 Geopolitical Constraints on Global Interactions 5.3.4 Civil Society and International-mindedness 5.3.5 Case Studies of Challenged Freedoms 5.3.6 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Scales of Interaction

6. Global Risks and Resilience (HL)
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6.1.1 Technological Threats to Individuals and Businesses 6.1.2 Threats to State Sovereignty 6.1.3 Globalisation and Nationalism

6.2.1 Transboundary Pollution (TBP)6.2.2 Impacts of Global Flows 6.2.3 Global Shift of Industry 6.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Environmental Impact

6.3.1 Civil Society Organisations' Roles 6.3.2 Strategies for Building Resilience 6.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Risk Perspectives

6.1.1 Technological Threats to Individuals and Businesses 6.1.2 Threats to State Sovereignty 6.1.3 Globalisation and Nationalism

6.2.1 Transboundary Pollution (TBP)6.2.2 Impacts of Global Flows 6.2.3 Global Shift of Industry 6.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Environmental Impact

6.3.1 Civil Society Organisations' Roles 6.3.2 Strategies for Building Resilience 6.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Risk Perspectives

Option A - Freshwater

A.1.1 Drainage Basin System A.1.2 River Discharge and Stream Flow A.1.3 River Processes in Geography A.1.4 Formation of River Landforms

A.2.1 Hydrograph Characteristics A.2.2 Human Influences on Flood Risk A.2.3 Flood Prediction and Modelling A.2.4 Flood Mitigation Strategies

A.3.1 Water Scarcity and Quality Challenges A.3.2 Shared Water Resources and Stakeholder RolesA

A.4.1 Community Participation in Water Management A.4.2 Dam Building Projects A.4.3 Integrated Drainage Basin Management Plans A.4.4 Wetland Protection Efforts

A.1.1 Drainage Basin System A.1.2 River Discharge and Stream Flow A.1.3 River Processes in Geography A.1.4 Formation of River Landforms

A.2.1 Hydrograph Characteristics A.2.2 Human Influences on Flood Risk A.2.3 Flood Prediction and Modelling A.2.4 Flood Mitigation Strategies

A.3.1 Water Scarcity and Quality Challenges A.3.2 Shared Water Resources and Stakeholder RolesA

A.4.1 Community Participation in Water Management A.4.2 Dam Building Projects A.4.3 Integrated Drainage Basin Management Plans A.4.4 Wetland Protection Efforts

Option B - Oceans

B.1.1 Ocean Currents and Conveyor Belts B.1.2 ENSO and La Niña Cycles B.1.3 Hurricanes and Coastal Impacts B.1.4 Oceans as Carbon Stores and Acidification

B.2.1 Physical Influences on Coastal Landscapes B.2.2 Coastal Landforms of Erosion and Deposition B.2.3 Advancing and Retreating Coastlines B.2.4 Sand Dune Development

B.3.1 Stakeholders in Coastal Margin Management B.3.2 Conflicting Land-Use Pressures on Coastlines B.3.3 Coral Reefs and Mangrove Swamps Management B.3.4 Sovereignty Rights in Coastal Margins and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)

B.4.1 Abiotic Resource Demand and Consequences B.4.2 Biotic Resource Use and Alternatives B.4.3 Ocean Pollution Initiatives and Challenges B.4.4 Geopolitical Conflict and Insecurity over Oceans

B.1.1 Ocean Currents and Conveyor Belts B.1.2 ENSO and La Niña Cycles B.1.3 Hurricanes and Coastal Impacts B.1.4 Oceans as Carbon Stores and Acidification

B.2.1 Physical Influences on Coastal Landscapes B.2.2 Coastal Landforms of Erosion and Deposition B.2.3 Advancing and Retreating Coastlines B.2.4 Sand Dune Development

B.3.1 Stakeholders in Coastal Margin Management B.3.2 Conflicting Land-Use Pressures on Coastlines B.3.3 Coral Reefs and Mangrove Swamps Management B.3.4 Sovereignty Rights in Coastal Margins and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)

B.4.1 Abiotic Resource Demand and Consequences B.4.2 Biotic Resource Use and Alternatives B.4.3 Ocean Pollution Initiatives and Challenges B.4.4 Geopolitical Conflict and Insecurity over Oceans

Option C - Extreme Environments

C.1.1 Global Distribution of Cold and High Altitude Environments C.1.2 Global Distribution of Hot Arid Environments C.1.3 Challenges for Human Habitation and Resource Development in Extreme Environments

C.2.1 Glacial Processes and Landscape Features in Glaciated Areas C.2.2 Periglacial Processes and Periglacial Landscape Features C.2.3 Weathering and Erosion in Hot Arid Environments

C.3.1 Stakeholder Power in Resource Development in Arid Areas C.3.2 Stakeholder Power in Resource Development in Cold Environments C.3.3 Coastal Management: Stakeholders and Strategies C.3.4 Management of Coral Reefs and Mangrove Swamps

C.4.1 Desertification: Causes, Consequences, and Management C.4.2 Resource Competition and Stakeholders in Extreme Environments C.4.3 Technology and Sustainable Development in Extreme Environments

C.1.1 Global Distribution of Cold and High Altitude Environments C.1.2 Global Distribution of Hot Arid Environments C.1.3 Challenges for Human Habitation and Resource Development in Extreme Environments

C.2.1 Glacial Processes and Landscape Features in Glaciated Areas C.2.2 Periglacial Processes and Periglacial Landscape Features C.2.3 Weathering and Erosion in Hot Arid Environments

C.3.1 Stakeholder Power in Resource Development in Arid Areas C.3.2 Stakeholder Power in Resource Development in Cold Environments C.3.3 Coastal Management: Stakeholders and Strategies C.3.4 Management of Coral Reefs and Mangrove Swamps

C.4.1 Desertification: Causes, Consequences, and Management C.4.2 Resource Competition and Stakeholders in Extreme Environments C.4.3 Technology and Sustainable Development in Extreme Environments

Option D - Geophysical Hazards
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D.1.1 Mechanisms of Plate Movement D.1.2 Characteristics of Volcanoes and Hazards D.1.3 Characteristics of Earthquakes and Hazards D.1.4 Classification of Mass Movement Types

D.2.1 Distribution of Geophysical Hazards D.2.3 Factors Contributing to Geophysical Hazard Risk D.2.4 Geographic Factors Affecting Hazard Impacts D.2.2 Hazard Magnitude and Frequency

D.3.1 Contemporary Case Studies for Volcanic Hazards D.3.2 Contemporary Case Studies for Earthquake Hazards D.3.3 Contemporary Case Studies for Mass Movement Hazards

D.4.1 Global Geophysical Hazard and Disaster Trends D.4.2 Geophysical Hazard Adaptation Strategies

D.1.1 Mechanisms of Plate Movement D.1.2 Characteristics of Volcanoes and Hazards D.1.3 Characteristics of Earthquakes and Hazards D.1.4 Classification of Mass Movement Types

D.2.1 Distribution of Geophysical Hazards D.2.3 Factors Contributing to Geophysical Hazard Risk D.2.4 Geographic Factors Affecting Hazard Impacts D.2.2 Hazard Magnitude and Frequency

D.3.1 Contemporary Case Studies for Volcanic Hazards D.3.2 Contemporary Case Studies for Earthquake Hazards D.3.3 Contemporary Case Studies for Mass Movement Hazards

D.4.1 Global Geophysical Hazard and Disaster Trends D.4.2 Geophysical Hazard Adaptation Strategies

Option E - Leisure, Tourism, Sport
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E.1.1 Growth and Purpose of Leisure Time E.1.2 Changing Leisure Patterns: Categorization of Touristic and Sporting Activities E.1.3 Economic Development and Participation in Leisure Activities

E.2.1 Growth Factors of Rural and Urban Tourism Hotspots E.2.2 Sphere of Influence for Sporting and Touristic Facilities E.2.3 Geography of a National Sports League E.2.4 Large-Scale Festivals as Sites of Leisure

E.3.1 Niche National Tourism Strategies with Global Influence E.3.2 Role of TNCs in Expanding International Tourism Destinations E.3.3 Costs and Benefits of Tourism as a National Development Strategy E.3.4 Political, Economic, and Cultural Factors in Hosting International Sporting Events

E.4.1 Consequences of Unsustainable Touristic Growth E.4.2 Sustainable Tourism: A Pathway to Responsible Travel E.4.3 Factors Influencing Future International Tourism E.4.4 Political and Cultural Influences on International Sport Participation

E.1.1 Growth and Purpose of Leisure Time E.1.2 Changing Leisure Patterns: Categorization of Touristic and Sporting Activities E.1.3 Economic Development and Participation in Leisure Activities

E.2.1 Growth Factors of Rural and Urban Tourism Hotspots E.2.2 Sphere of Influence for Sporting and Touristic Facilities E.2.3 Geography of a National Sports League E.2.4 Large-Scale Festivals as Sites of Leisure

E.3.1 Niche National Tourism Strategies with Global Influence E.3.2 Role of TNCs in Expanding International Tourism Destinations E.3.3 Costs and Benefits of Tourism as a National Development Strategy E.3.4 Political, Economic, and Cultural Factors in Hosting International Sporting Events

E.4.1 Consequences of Unsustainable Touristic Growth E.4.2 Sustainable Tourism: A Pathway to Responsible Travel E.4.3 Factors Influencing Future International Tourism E.4.4 Political and Cultural Influences on International Sport Participation

Option F - Food and Health
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F.1.1 Global Patterns in Food/Nutrition Indicators F.1.2 The Nutrition Transition and Regional Variations F.1.3 Global Patterns in Health Indicators F.1.4 The Epidemiological Transition and Implications of an Ageing Population

F.2.1 Systems Approach to Food Production and Sustainability F.2.2 Physical and Human Processes in Food Consumption F.2.3 Diffusion in Agricultural Innovations and Disease Spread F.2.4 Geographic Factors in Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases

F.3.1 Roles of International Organizations and NGOs in Addressing Food Insecurity and Disease F.3.2 Influence of Transnational Corporations in Shaping Food Consumption F.3.3 Gender Roles in Food Production and Health F.3.4 Factors Affecting the Severity of Famine

F.4.1 Solutions to Food Insecurity and Waste Reduction F.4.2 Contemporary Approaches to Food Production F.4.3 Prevention and Treatment in Managing Disease F.4.4 Managing Pandemics in Global Contexts

F.1.1 Global Patterns in Food/Nutrition Indicators F.1.2 The Nutrition Transition and Regional Variations F.1.3 Global Patterns in Health Indicators F.1.4 The Epidemiological Transition and Implications of an Ageing Population

F.2.1 Systems Approach to Food Production and Sustainability F.2.2 Physical and Human Processes in Food Consumption F.2.3 Diffusion in Agricultural Innovations and Disease Spread F.2.4 Geographic Factors in Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases

F.3.1 Roles of International Organizations and NGOs in Addressing Food Insecurity and Disease F.3.2 Influence of Transnational Corporations in Shaping Food Consumption F.3.3 Gender Roles in Food Production and Health F.3.4 Factors Affecting the Severity of Famine

F.4.1 Solutions to Food Insecurity and Waste Reduction F.4.2 Contemporary Approaches to Food Production F.4.3 Prevention and Treatment in Managing Disease F.4.4 Managing Pandemics in Global Contexts

Option G - Urban Environments
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G.1.1 Characteristics of Urban Places G.1.2 Factors Affecting Urban Economic Activities G.1.3 Factors Affecting Residential Patterns in Urban Environments G.1.4 Urban Poverty, Deprivation, and Informal Activity

G.2.1 Urbanization, Natural Increase, and Centripetal Movements G.2.2 Centrifugal Population Movements G.2.3 Urban System Growth and Infrastructure Improvements G.2.4 Urban Deindustrialization and Its Consequences

G.3.1 Urban Microclimate Modification and Management G.3.2 Traffic Congestion Patterns and Impacts G.3.3 Contested Land Use Changes in Urban Areas G.3.4 Managing Urban Social Deprivation

G.4.1 Urban Growth Projections and Regional Patterns G.4.2 Resilient City Design G.4.3 Eco City Design: Strategies for a Sustainable Future G.4.4 Smart City Design and Technology

G.1.1 Characteristics of Urban Places G.1.2 Factors Affecting Urban Economic Activities G.1.3 Factors Affecting Residential Patterns in Urban Environments G.1.4 Urban Poverty, Deprivation, and Informal Activity

G.2.1 Urbanization, Natural Increase, and Centripetal Movements G.2.2 Centrifugal Population Movements G.2.3 Urban System Growth and Infrastructure Improvements G.2.4 Urban Deindustrialization and Its Consequences

G.3.1 Urban Microclimate Modification and Management G.3.2 Traffic Congestion Patterns and Impacts G.3.3 Contested Land Use Changes in Urban Areas G.3.4 Managing Urban Social Deprivation

G.4.1 Urban Growth Projections and Regional Patterns G.4.2 Resilient City Design G.4.3 Eco City Design: Strategies for a Sustainable Future G.4.4 Smart City Design and Technology

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