1. Social Influence1.1 Types of Conformity1.1.1 Internalisation in Conformity1.1.2 Identification in Conformity1.1.3 Compliance in Conformity1.2 Explanations for Conformity1.2.1 Informational Social Influence in Psychology1.2.2 Normative Social Influence in Conformity1.2.3 Variables Affecting Conformity1.3 Conformity to Social Roles1.3.1 Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment1.4 Explanations for Obedience1.4.1 Explanations for Obedience: Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority1.4.2 Situational Variables in Obedience1.4.3 Dispositional Explanation: Authoritarian Personality1.5 Resistance to Social Influence1.5.1 Resistance to Social Influence: Social Support1.5.2 Locus of Control1.6 Minority Influence1.6.1 Minority Influence: Strategies of Consistency, Commitment, and Flexibility1.7 Social Influence in Social Change1.7.1 Role of Social Influence Processes1. Social Influence1.1 Types of Conformity1.1.1 Internalisation in Conformity1.1.2 Identification in Conformity1.1.3 Compliance in Conformity1.2 Explanations for Conformity1.2.1 Informational Social Influence in Psychology1.2.2 Normative Social Influence in Conformity1.2.3 Variables Affecting Conformity1.3 Conformity to Social Roles1.3.1 Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment1.4 Explanations for Obedience1.4.1 Explanations for Obedience: Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority1.4.2 Situational Variables in Obedience1.4.3 Dispositional Explanation: Authoritarian Personality1.5 Resistance to Social Influence1.5.1 Resistance to Social Influence: Social Support1.5.2 Locus of Control1.6 Minority Influence1.6.1 Minority Influence: Strategies of Consistency, Commitment, and Flexibility1.7 Social Influence in Social Change1.7.1 Role of Social Influence Processes2. Memory2.1 The Multi-Store Model of Memory2.1.1 The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Sensory Register2.1.2 The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Short-Term Memory2.1.3 Long-Term Memory (LTM) in the Multi-Store Model2.2 Types of Long-Term Memory2.2.1 Episodic Memory: An In-depth Examination2.2.2 Semantic Memory2.2.3 Procedural Memory2.3 The Working Memory Model2.3.1 The Working Memory Model: Central Executive2.3.2 The Phonological Loop2.3.3 The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad2.3.4 The Episodic Buffer in the Working Memory Model2.3.5 The Working Memory Model: Features of the Mode2.4 Explanations for Forgetting2.4.1 Explanations for Forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference2.4.2 Retrieval Failure Due to Absence of Cues2.5 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy2.5.1 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information2.5.2 The Impact of Anxiety on Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy2.5.3 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy: Leading Questions2.5.4 Misleading Information: Post-Event Discussion2.6 Improving Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy2.6.1 Cognitive Interview Technique2. Memory2.1 The Multi-Store Model of Memory2.1.1 The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Sensory Register2.1.2 The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Short-Term Memory2.1.3 Long-Term Memory (LTM) in the Multi-Store Model2.2 Types of Long-Term Memory2.2.1 Episodic Memory: An In-depth Examination2.2.2 Semantic Memory2.2.3 Procedural Memory2.3 The Working Memory Model2.3.1 The Working Memory Model: Central Executive2.3.2 The Phonological Loop2.3.3 The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad2.3.4 The Episodic Buffer in the Working Memory Model2.3.5 The Working Memory Model: Features of the Mode2.4 Explanations for Forgetting2.4.1 Explanations for Forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference2.4.2 Retrieval Failure Due to Absence of Cues2.5 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy2.5.1 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information2.5.2 The Impact of Anxiety on Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy2.5.3 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy: Leading Questions2.5.4 Misleading Information: Post-Event Discussion2.6 Improving Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy2.6.1 Cognitive Interview Technique3. Attachment3.1 Caregiver-Infant Interactions3.1.1 Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Reciprocity3.1.2 Interactional Synchrony in Caregiver-Infant Interactions3.1.3 Stages of Attachment by Schaffer3.1.4 Multiple Attachments and Role of the Father in Attachment3.2 Animal Studies of Attachment3.2.1 Lorenz's Study on Geese: Understanding Imprinting in Attachment3.2.2 Harlow's Study on Monkeys3.3 Explanations of Attachment3.3.1 Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory3.3.2 Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory of Attachment3.4 Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’3.4.1 Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’: Types of Attachment3.4.2 Cultural Variations in Attachment3.5 Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation3.5.1 Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation3.5.2 Romanian Orphan Studies3.6 Influence of Early Attachment3.6.1 Influence of Early Attachment on Childhood Relationships3.6.2 Influence of Early Attachment on Adult Relationships3. Attachment3.1 Caregiver-Infant Interactions3.1.1 Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Reciprocity3.1.2 Interactional Synchrony in Caregiver-Infant Interactions3.1.3 Stages of Attachment by Schaffer3.1.4 Multiple Attachments and Role of the Father in Attachment3.2 Animal Studies of Attachment3.2.1 Lorenz's Study on Geese: Understanding Imprinting in Attachment3.2.2 Harlow's Study on Monkeys3.3 Explanations of Attachment3.3.1 Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory3.3.2 Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory of Attachment3.4 Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’3.4.1 Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’: Types of Attachment3.4.2 Cultural Variations in Attachment3.5 Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation3.5.1 Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation3.5.2 Romanian Orphan Studies3.6 Influence of Early Attachment3.6.1 Influence of Early Attachment on Childhood Relationships3.6.2 Influence of Early Attachment on Adult Relationships4. Psychopathology (A Level Only)4.1 Definitions of Abnormality4.1.1 Deviation from Social Norms4.1.2 Failure to Function Adequately4.1.3 Statistical Infrequency as a Definition of Abnormality4.1.4 Deviation from Ideal Mental Health4.2 Characteristics of Phobias, Depression, OCD4.2.1 Phobias: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics4.2.2 Depression: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics4.2.3 OCD: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics4.3 Behavioural Approach to Phobias4.3.1 Systematic Desensitisation: A Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias4.3.2 Behavioural Approach to Phobias: The Two-Process Model4.3.3 Flooding in the Treatment of Phobias4.4 Cognitive Approach to Depression4.4.1 Beck’s Negative Triad4.4.2 Ellis's ABC Model in Understanding Depression4.4.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Depression4.5 Biological Approach to OCD4.5.1 Genetic Explanations for OCD4.5.2 Neural Explanations for OCD4.5.3 Drug Therapy in the Treatment of OCD4. Psychopathology (A Level Only)4.1 Definitions of Abnormality4.1.1 Deviation from Social Norms4.1.2 Failure to Function Adequately4.1.3 Statistical Infrequency as a Definition of Abnormality4.1.4 Deviation from Ideal Mental Health4.2 Characteristics of Phobias, Depression, OCD4.2.1 Phobias: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics4.2.2 Depression: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics4.2.3 OCD: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics4.3 Behavioural Approach to Phobias4.3.1 Systematic Desensitisation: A Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias4.3.2 Behavioural Approach to Phobias: The Two-Process Model4.3.3 Flooding in the Treatment of Phobias4.4 Cognitive Approach to Depression4.4.1 Beck’s Negative Triad4.4.2 Ellis's ABC Model in Understanding Depression4.4.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Depression4.5 Biological Approach to OCD4.5.1 Genetic Explanations for OCD4.5.2 Neural Explanations for OCD4.5.3 Drug Therapy in the Treatment of OCD5. Approaches in Psychology5.1 Origins of Psychology5.1.1 Wilhelm Wundt and the Founding of Psychology5.1.2 Emergence of Psychology as a Science5.2 Learning Approaches5.2.1 The Behaviourist Approach in Psychology5.2.2 Social Learning Theory5.3 Cognitive Approach5.3.1 Cognitive Approach to Internal Mental Processes5.3.2 Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience5.4 Biological Approach5.4.1 The Influence of Genes and Neurochemistry on Behaviour5.4.2 Biological Approach: Biological Structures and Behaviour5.4.3 Evolution and Behaviour5.5 Psychodynamic Approach (A Level Only)5.5.1 Psychodynamic Approach: The Role of the Unconscious5.5.2 Structure of Personality: The Psychodynamic Approach5.5.3 Defence Mechanisms5.5.4 Psychosexual Stages in Freud's Theory5.6 Humanistic Psychology (A Level Only)5.6.1 Free Will and Self-Actualisation5.6.2 Focus on the Self and Congruence in Humanistic Psychology5.6.3 Conditions of Worth in Humanistic Psychology5.7 Comparison of Approaches (A Level Only)5.7.1 Comparison of Psychological Approaches: Exploring Basic Assumptions5.7.2 Evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses of Psychological Approaches5. Approaches in Psychology5.1 Origins of Psychology5.1.1 Wilhelm Wundt and the Founding of Psychology5.1.2 Emergence of Psychology as a Science5.2 Learning Approaches5.2.1 The Behaviourist Approach in Psychology5.2.2 Social Learning Theory5.3 Cognitive Approach5.3.1 Cognitive Approach to Internal Mental Processes5.3.2 Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience5.4 Biological Approach5.4.1 The Influence of Genes and Neurochemistry on Behaviour5.4.2 Biological Approach: Biological Structures and Behaviour5.4.3 Evolution and Behaviour5.5 Psychodynamic Approach (A Level Only)5.5.1 Psychodynamic Approach: The Role of the Unconscious5.5.2 Structure of Personality: The Psychodynamic Approach5.5.3 Defence Mechanisms5.5.4 Psychosexual Stages in Freud's Theory5.6 Humanistic Psychology (A Level Only)5.6.1 Free Will and Self-Actualisation5.6.2 Focus on the Self and Congruence in Humanistic Psychology5.6.3 Conditions of Worth in Humanistic Psychology5.7 Comparison of Approaches (A Level Only)5.7.1 Comparison of Psychological Approaches: Exploring Basic Assumptions5.7.2 Evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses of Psychological Approaches6. BiopsychologyPremium6.1 Divisions of the Nervous System6.1.1 Central Nervous System (CNS)6.1.2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)6.2 Neurons and Synaptic Transmission6.2.1 Sensory, Relay, and Motor Neurons in Neural Communication6.2.2 Process of Synaptic Transmission6.3 Endocrine System6.3.1 Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones6.4 Fight or Flight Response6.4.1 The Role of Adrenaline in the Fight or Flight Response6.5 Brain Function and Lateralisation (A Level Only)6.5.1 Localisation of Function in the Brain6.5.2 Hemispheric Lateralisation6.5.3 Broca's and Wernicke's Areas: Exploring Language Processing and Production6.5.4 Split Brain Research6.5.5 Brain Plasticity and Recovery6.6 Studying the Brain (A Level Only)6.6.1 Brain Scanning Techniques6.6.2 Postmortem Examinations in Psychology6.7 Biological Rhythms (A Level Only)6.7.1 Biological Rhythms: Types and Characteristics6.7.2 Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers6. BiopsychologyPremium6.1 Divisions of the Nervous System6.1.1 Central Nervous System (CNS)6.1.2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)6.2 Neurons and Synaptic Transmission6.2.1 Sensory, Relay, and Motor Neurons in Neural Communication6.2.2 Process of Synaptic Transmission6.3 Endocrine System6.3.1 Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones6.4 Fight or Flight Response6.4.1 The Role of Adrenaline in the Fight or Flight Response6.5 Brain Function and Lateralisation (A Level Only)6.5.1 Localisation of Function in the Brain6.5.2 Hemispheric Lateralisation6.5.3 Broca's and Wernicke's Areas: Exploring Language Processing and Production6.5.4 Split Brain Research6.5.5 Brain Plasticity and Recovery6.6 Studying the Brain (A Level Only)6.6.1 Brain Scanning Techniques6.6.2 Postmortem Examinations in Psychology6.7 Biological Rhythms (A Level Only)6.7.1 Biological Rhythms: Types and Characteristics6.7.2 Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers7. Research MethodsPremium7.1 Experimental Method7.1.1 Types of Experiments7.2 Observational Techniques7.2.1 Types of Observation in Psychology7.3 Self-Report Techniques7.3.1 Self-Report Techniques: Questionnaires7.3.2 Interviews in Psychological Research7.4 Correlations7.4.1 Analysis of Co-variables in Correlations7.5 Content Analysis (A Level Only)7.5.1 Content Analysis: Techniques and Application7.6 Case Studies (A Level Only)7.6.1 Use in Psychological Research7. Research MethodsPremium7.1 Experimental Method7.1.1 Types of Experiments7.2 Observational Techniques7.2.1 Types of Observation in Psychology7.3 Self-Report Techniques7.3.1 Self-Report Techniques: Questionnaires7.3.2 Interviews in Psychological Research7.4 Correlations7.4.1 Analysis of Co-variables in Correlations7.5 Content Analysis (A Level Only)7.5.1 Content Analysis: Techniques and Application7.6 Case Studies (A Level Only)7.6.1 Use in Psychological Research8. Scientific ProcessesPremium8.1 Aims, Hypotheses, and Sampling8.1.1 Aims and Hypotheses in Research Design8.1.2 Sampling Methods in Psychology Research8.2 Experimental and Observational Design8.2.1 Experimental Designs in Psychology8.2.2 Observational Design Elements in Psychology8.3 Questionnaire and Interview Construction8.3.1 Designing Questionnaires8.3.2 Interview Design in Psychology Research8.4 Variables and Control in Research8.4.1 Managing Variables in Research8.4.2 Control Techniques in Research8.5 Research Ethics and Review8.5.1 Ethical Guidelines and Issues in Psychological Research8.5.2 The Role of Peer Review in Psychological Research8.6 Advanced Research Methods (A Level Only)8.6.1 Reliability and Validity in Psychological Research8.6.2 Features of Scientific Enquiry in Psychology8.6.3 Reporting Research in Psychology8. Scientific ProcessesPremium8.1 Aims, Hypotheses, and Sampling8.1.1 Aims and Hypotheses in Research Design8.1.2 Sampling Methods in Psychology Research8.2 Experimental and Observational Design8.2.1 Experimental Designs in Psychology8.2.2 Observational Design Elements in Psychology8.3 Questionnaire and Interview Construction8.3.1 Designing Questionnaires8.3.2 Interview Design in Psychology Research8.4 Variables and Control in Research8.4.1 Managing Variables in Research8.4.2 Control Techniques in Research8.5 Research Ethics and Review8.5.1 Ethical Guidelines and Issues in Psychological Research8.5.2 The Role of Peer Review in Psychological Research8.6 Advanced Research Methods (A Level Only)8.6.1 Reliability and Validity in Psychological Research8.6.2 Features of Scientific Enquiry in Psychology8.6.3 Reporting Research in Psychology9. Data Handling and AnalysisPremium9.1 Data Types and Collection9.1.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Psychology9.1.2 Primary and Secondary Data in Psychology9.2 Descriptive Statistics9.2.1 Measures of Central Tendency9.2.2 Measures of Dispersion in Psychology9.2.3 Calculation of Percentages and Correlations9.3 Presentation of Data9.3.1 Graphs and Tables: Presentation of Quantitative Data9.3.2 Bar Charts and Histograms in Data Presentation9.4 Understanding Distributions9.4.1 Understanding Distributions: Normal and Skewed9.5 Statistical Testing (A Level Only)9.5.1 Introduction to Statistical Testing9.5.2 Calculation of the Sign Test9.6 Advanced Data Analysis (A Level Only)9.6.1 Correlation Coefficients in Psychology9.6.2 Content Analysis and Coding9. Data Handling and AnalysisPremium9.1 Data Types and Collection9.1.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Psychology9.1.2 Primary and Secondary Data in Psychology9.2 Descriptive Statistics9.2.1 Measures of Central Tendency9.2.2 Measures of Dispersion in Psychology9.2.3 Calculation of Percentages and Correlations9.3 Presentation of Data9.3.1 Graphs and Tables: Presentation of Quantitative Data9.3.2 Bar Charts and Histograms in Data Presentation9.4 Understanding Distributions9.4.1 Understanding Distributions: Normal and Skewed9.5 Statistical Testing (A Level Only)9.5.1 Introduction to Statistical Testing9.5.2 Calculation of the Sign Test9.6 Advanced Data Analysis (A Level Only)9.6.1 Correlation Coefficients in Psychology9.6.2 Content Analysis and Coding10. Inferential Testing (A Level Only)10.1 Statistical Testing10.1.1 Introduction to Statistical Testing in Psychology10.1.2 The Sign Test10.2 Probability and Significance10.2.1 Understanding Probability in Testing10.2.2 Understanding Type I and Type II Errors in Statistical Testing10.3 Choice of Statistical Test10.3.1 Choice of Statistical Test: Factors Affecting Test Choice10.3.2 Specific Statistical Tests10. Inferential Testing (A Level Only)10.1 Statistical Testing10.1.1 Introduction to Statistical Testing in Psychology10.1.2 The Sign Test10.2 Probability and Significance10.2.1 Understanding Probability in Testing10.2.2 Understanding Type I and Type II Errors in Statistical Testing10.3 Choice of Statistical Test10.3.1 Choice of Statistical Test: Factors Affecting Test Choice10.3.2 Specific Statistical Tests11. Issues and Debates (A Level Only)11.1 Gender and Culture in Psychology11.1.1 Gender Bias in Psychological Research11.1.2 Cultural Bias in Psychology11.2 Free Will and Determinism11.2.1 Types of Determinism11.3 Nature-Nurture Debate11.3.1 Importance of Heredity and Environment in Behaviour11.3.2 Interactionist Approach in Psychology11.4 Holism and Reductionism11.4.1 Levels of Explanation in Psychology11.4.2 Types of Reductionism in Psychology11.5 Approaches to Psychological Investigation11.5.1 Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches in Psychology11.6 Ethical Implications of Research11.6.1 Ethical Considerations in Research11. Issues and Debates (A Level Only)11.1 Gender and Culture in Psychology11.1.1 Gender Bias in Psychological Research11.1.2 Cultural Bias in Psychology11.2 Free Will and Determinism11.2.1 Types of Determinism11.3 Nature-Nurture Debate11.3.1 Importance of Heredity and Environment in Behaviour11.3.2 Interactionist Approach in Psychology11.4 Holism and Reductionism11.4.1 Levels of Explanation in Psychology11.4.2 Types of Reductionism in Psychology11.5 Approaches to Psychological Investigation11.5.1 Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches in Psychology11.6 Ethical Implications of Research11.6.1 Ethical Considerations in Research12. Relationships (A Level Only)12.1 Evolutionary Explanations for Partner Preferences12.1.1 Sexual Selection and Reproductive Behaviour12.2 Factors Affecting Attraction12.2.1 Factors Affecting Attraction: Self-Disclosure12.2.2 Physical Attractiveness and the Matching Hypothesis in Romantic Attraction12.2.3 Filter Theory in Romantic Attraction12.3 Theories of Romantic Relationships12.3.1 Social Exchange Theory in Romantic Relationships12.3.2 Equity Theory in Romantic Relationships12.3.3 Rusbult’s Investment Model12.4 Relationship Breakdown12.4.1 Duck’s Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown12.5 Virtual Relationships in Social Media12.5.1 Self-Disclosure in Virtual Relationships12.5.2 Effects of Absence of Gating in Virtual Relationships12.6 Parasocial Relationships12.6.1 Levels of Parasocial Relationships12.6.2 Absorption Addiction Model in Parasocial Relationships12.6.3 Attachment Theory Explanation in Parasocial Relationships12. Relationships (A Level Only)12.1 Evolutionary Explanations for Partner Preferences12.1.1 Sexual Selection and Reproductive Behaviour12.2 Factors Affecting Attraction12.2.1 Factors Affecting Attraction: Self-Disclosure12.2.2 Physical Attractiveness and the Matching Hypothesis in Romantic Attraction12.2.3 Filter Theory in Romantic Attraction12.3 Theories of Romantic Relationships12.3.1 Social Exchange Theory in Romantic Relationships12.3.2 Equity Theory in Romantic Relationships12.3.3 Rusbult’s Investment Model12.4 Relationship Breakdown12.4.1 Duck’s Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown12.5 Virtual Relationships in Social Media12.5.1 Self-Disclosure in Virtual Relationships12.5.2 Effects of Absence of Gating in Virtual Relationships12.6 Parasocial Relationships12.6.1 Levels of Parasocial Relationships12.6.2 Absorption Addiction Model in Parasocial Relationships12.6.3 Attachment Theory Explanation in Parasocial Relationships13. Gender (A Level Only)13.1 Sex and Gender13.1.1 Sex-Role Stereotypes13.1.2 Androgyny and the Bem Sex Role Inventory13.2 Biological Aspects13.2.1 Role of Chromosomes and Hormones in Sex and Gender Development13.2.2 Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns13.3 Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development13.3.1 Kohlberg's Theory of Gender Development13.3.2 Gender Schema Theory13.4 Psychodynamic Explanation13.4.1 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Development13.5 Social Learning Theory13.5.1 Gender Development13.6 Atypical Gender Development13.6.1 Gender Dysphoria13.6.2 Biological and Social Explanations for Gender Dysphoria13. Gender (A Level Only)13.1 Sex and Gender13.1.1 Sex-Role Stereotypes13.1.2 Androgyny and the Bem Sex Role Inventory13.2 Biological Aspects13.2.1 Role of Chromosomes and Hormones in Sex and Gender Development13.2.2 Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns13.3 Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development13.3.1 Kohlberg's Theory of Gender Development13.3.2 Gender Schema Theory13.4 Psychodynamic Explanation13.4.1 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Development13.5 Social Learning Theory13.5.1 Gender Development13.6 Atypical Gender Development13.6.1 Gender Dysphoria13.6.2 Biological and Social Explanations for Gender Dysphoria14. Cognition and Development (A Level Only)14.1 Piaget’s Theory14.1.1 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Key Concepts14.1.2 Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development14.2 Vygotsky’s Theory14.2.1 Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development14.3 Early Infant Abilities14.3.1 Baillargeon's Explanation of Early Infant Abilities14.4 Social Cognition Development14.4.1 Selman's Levels of Perspective-Taking14.4.2 Theory of Mind14.4.3 Sally-Anne Study and Theory of Mind14.4.4 Mirror Neuron System in Social Cognition14. Cognition and Development (A Level Only)14.1 Piaget’s Theory14.1.1 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Key Concepts14.1.2 Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development14.2 Vygotsky’s Theory14.2.1 Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development14.3 Early Infant Abilities14.3.1 Baillargeon's Explanation of Early Infant Abilities14.4 Social Cognition Development14.4.1 Selman's Levels of Perspective-Taking14.4.2 Theory of Mind14.4.3 Sally-Anne Study and Theory of Mind14.4.4 Mirror Neuron System in Social Cognition15. Schizophrenia (A Level Only)Premium15.1 Classification and Symptoms15.1.1 Classification of Schizophrenia15.1.2 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia15.1.3 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia15.1.4 Reliability and Validity in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia15.2 Biological Explanations15.2.1 Biological Explanations: Genetics and Neural Correlates in Schizophrenia15.3 Psychological Explanations15.3.1 Psychological Explanations: Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia15.3.2 Cognitive Explanations for Schizophrenia15.4 Treatment Approaches15.4.1 Drug Therapy15.4.2 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Treating Schizophrenia15.4.3 Family Therapy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia15.4.4 Introduction to Token Economies15.5 Interactionist Approach15.5.1 Importance in Treatment: An Interactionist Approach to Schizophrenia15.5.2 The Diathesis-Stress Model in Schizophrenia15. Schizophrenia (A Level Only)Premium15.1 Classification and Symptoms15.1.1 Classification of Schizophrenia15.1.2 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia15.1.3 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia15.1.4 Reliability and Validity in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia15.2 Biological Explanations15.2.1 Biological Explanations: Genetics and Neural Correlates in Schizophrenia15.3 Psychological Explanations15.3.1 Psychological Explanations: Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia15.3.2 Cognitive Explanations for Schizophrenia15.4 Treatment Approaches15.4.1 Drug Therapy15.4.2 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Treating Schizophrenia15.4.3 Family Therapy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia15.4.4 Introduction to Token Economies15.5 Interactionist Approach15.5.1 Importance in Treatment: An Interactionist Approach to Schizophrenia15.5.2 The Diathesis-Stress Model in Schizophrenia16. Eating Behaviour (A Level Only)Premium16.1 Explanations for Food Preferences16.1.1 Evolutionary Explanation for Food Preferences16.1.2 Role of Learning in Food Preference16.2 Mechanisms of Eating Control16.2.1 Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Controlling Eating Behaviour16.3 Anorexia Nervosa16.3.1 Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa16.3.2 Psychological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa16.4 Obesity16.4.1 Biological Explanations for Obesity16.4.2 Psychological Explanations for Obesity16.4.3 Dieting Success and Failure16. Eating Behaviour (A Level Only)Premium16.1 Explanations for Food Preferences16.1.1 Evolutionary Explanation for Food Preferences16.1.2 Role of Learning in Food Preference16.2 Mechanisms of Eating Control16.2.1 Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Controlling Eating Behaviour16.3 Anorexia Nervosa16.3.1 Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa16.3.2 Psychological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa16.4 Obesity16.4.1 Biological Explanations for Obesity16.4.2 Psychological Explanations for Obesity16.4.3 Dieting Success and Failure17. Stress (A Level Only)Premium17.1. Physiology of Stress17.1.1 General Adaptation Syndrome17.1.2 The Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System in Stress Response17.1.3 The Sympathomedullary Pathway (SAM) in Acute Stress17.2. Stress and Illness17.2.1 Stress and Immunosuppression17.2.2 Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders17.3. Sources of Stress17.3.1 Life Changes and Daily Hassles17.3.2 Workplace Stress17.4. Measuring Stress17.4.1 Self-Report Scales in Measuring Stress17.4.2 Physiological Measures of Stress17.5. Individual Differences in Stress17.5.1 Personality Types (A, B, C) and Stress17.5.2 Introduction to Hardiness17.6. Managing and Coping with Stress17.6.1 Drug Therapy in Managing and Coping with Stress17.6.2 Stress Inoculation Therapy (SIT)17.6.3 Biofeedback as a Stress Management Technique17.6.4 Gender Differences in Coping with Stress17.6.5 Role of Social Support in Coping with Stress17. Stress (A Level Only)Premium17.1. Physiology of Stress17.1.1 General Adaptation Syndrome17.1.2 The Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System in Stress Response17.1.3 The Sympathomedullary Pathway (SAM) in Acute Stress17.2. Stress and Illness17.2.1 Stress and Immunosuppression17.2.2 Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders17.3. Sources of Stress17.3.1 Life Changes and Daily Hassles17.3.2 Workplace Stress17.4. Measuring Stress17.4.1 Self-Report Scales in Measuring Stress17.4.2 Physiological Measures of Stress17.5. Individual Differences in Stress17.5.1 Personality Types (A, B, C) and Stress17.5.2 Introduction to Hardiness17.6. Managing and Coping with Stress17.6.1 Drug Therapy in Managing and Coping with Stress17.6.2 Stress Inoculation Therapy (SIT)17.6.3 Biofeedback as a Stress Management Technique17.6.4 Gender Differences in Coping with Stress17.6.5 Role of Social Support in Coping with Stress18. Aggression (A Level Only)Premium18.1. Biological Mechanisms18.1.1 Neural Mechanisms in Aggression18.1.2 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression18.1.3 Genetic Factors in Aggression18.2. Ethological and Evolutionary Explanations18.2.1 Ethological Explanation of Aggression18.2.2 Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression18.3. Social Psychological Explanations18.3.1 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis18.3.2 Social Learning Theory and Aggression18.3.3 De-individuation and Aggression18.4. Institutional Aggression18.4.1 Aggression in Prisons18.5. Media Influences on Aggression18.5.1 Effects of Computer Games on Aggressive Behaviour18.5.2 Role of Desensitisation and Disinhibition18.5.3 Cognitive Priming by Media18. Aggression (A Level Only)Premium18.1. Biological Mechanisms18.1.1 Neural Mechanisms in Aggression18.1.2 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression18.1.3 Genetic Factors in Aggression18.2. Ethological and Evolutionary Explanations18.2.1 Ethological Explanation of Aggression18.2.2 Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression18.3. Social Psychological Explanations18.3.1 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis18.3.2 Social Learning Theory and Aggression18.3.3 De-individuation and Aggression18.4. Institutional Aggression18.4.1 Aggression in Prisons18.5. Media Influences on Aggression18.5.1 Effects of Computer Games on Aggressive Behaviour18.5.2 Role of Desensitisation and Disinhibition18.5.3 Cognitive Priming by Media19. Forensic Psychology (A Level Only)Premium19.1. Offender Profiling19.1.1 Top-Down Approach in Offender Profiling19.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach in Offender Profiling19.1.3 Geographical Profiling19.2. Biological Explanations of Offending19.2.1 Historical Approach (Atavistic Form)19.2.2 Genetics and Neural Explanations of Offending Behaviour19.3. Psychological Explanations of Offending19.3.1 Eysenck’s Theory of the Criminal Personality19.3.2 Cognitive Explanations of Offending19.3.3 Differential Association Theory19.3.4 Psychodynamic Explanations of Offending19.4. Dealing with Offending Behaviour19.4.1 Aims of Custodial Sentencing19.4.2 Psychological Effects of Custodial Sentencing19.4.3 Recidivism: Understanding Causes and Strategies for Reduction19.4.4 Behaviour Modification in Custody19.4.5 Anger Management Programmes in Custodial Settings19.4.6 Restorative Justice Programmes19. Forensic Psychology (A Level Only)Premium19.1. Offender Profiling19.1.1 Top-Down Approach in Offender Profiling19.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach in Offender Profiling19.1.3 Geographical Profiling19.2. Biological Explanations of Offending19.2.1 Historical Approach (Atavistic Form)19.2.2 Genetics and Neural Explanations of Offending Behaviour19.3. Psychological Explanations of Offending19.3.1 Eysenck’s Theory of the Criminal Personality19.3.2 Cognitive Explanations of Offending19.3.3 Differential Association Theory19.3.4 Psychodynamic Explanations of Offending19.4. Dealing with Offending Behaviour19.4.1 Aims of Custodial Sentencing19.4.2 Psychological Effects of Custodial Sentencing19.4.3 Recidivism: Understanding Causes and Strategies for Reduction19.4.4 Behaviour Modification in Custody19.4.5 Anger Management Programmes in Custodial Settings19.4.6 Restorative Justice Programmes20. Addiction (A Level Only)Premium20.1. Describing Addiction20.1.1 Physical and Psychological Dependence: An In-depth Analysis20.1.2 Tolerance in the Context of Addiction20.1.3 Withdrawal Syndrome20.2. Risk Factors in Addiction20.2.1 Genetic Vulnerability in Addiction20.2.2 Stress as a Risk Factor in Addiction20.2.3 Personality Factors and Addiction Risk20.2.4 Family and Peer Influences in Addiction20.3. Explanations for Nicotine Addiction20.3.1 Brain Neurochemistry and Nicotine Addiction20.3.2 Learning Theory and Smoking20.4. Explanations for Gambling Addiction20.4.1 Learning Theory and Gambling20.4.2 Cognitive Theory and Gambling20.5. Reducing Addiction20.5.1 Drug Therapy for Addiction20.5.2 Behavioural Interventions in Reducing Addiction20.5.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in Treating Addiction20.6. Theories of Behaviour Change20.6.1. Theory of Planned Behaviour: Understanding and Modifying Addictive Behaviours20.6.2 Prochaska’s Six-Stage Model of Behaviour Change20. Addiction (A Level Only)Premium20.1. Describing Addiction20.1.1 Physical and Psychological Dependence: An In-depth Analysis20.1.2 Tolerance in the Context of Addiction20.1.3 Withdrawal Syndrome20.2. Risk Factors in Addiction20.2.1 Genetic Vulnerability in Addiction20.2.2 Stress as a Risk Factor in Addiction20.2.3 Personality Factors and Addiction Risk20.2.4 Family and Peer Influences in Addiction20.3. Explanations for Nicotine Addiction20.3.1 Brain Neurochemistry and Nicotine Addiction20.3.2 Learning Theory and Smoking20.4. Explanations for Gambling Addiction20.4.1 Learning Theory and Gambling20.4.2 Cognitive Theory and Gambling20.5. Reducing Addiction20.5.1 Drug Therapy for Addiction20.5.2 Behavioural Interventions in Reducing Addiction20.5.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in Treating Addiction20.6. Theories of Behaviour Change20.6.1. Theory of Planned Behaviour: Understanding and Modifying Addictive Behaviours20.6.2 Prochaska’s Six-Stage Model of Behaviour Change
