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AQA A-Level Psychology

Study Notes
1.1.1 Internalisation in Conformity
1.1.2 Identification in Conformity
1.1.3 Compliance in Conformity
1.2.1 Informational Social Influence in Psychology
1.2.2 Normative Social Influence in Conformity
1.2.3 Variables Affecting Conformity
1.3.1 Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment
1.4.1 Explanations for Obedience: Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority
1.4.2 Situational Variables in Obedience
1.4.3 Dispositional Explanation: Authoritarian Personality
1.5.1 Resistance to Social Influence: Social Support
1.5.2 Locus of Control
1.6.1 Minority Influence: Strategies of Consistency, Commitment, and Flexibility
1.7.1 Role of Social Influence Processes
2.1.1 The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Sensory Register
2.1.2 The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Short-Term Memory
2.1.3 Long-Term Memory (LTM) in the Multi-Store Model
2.2.1 Episodic Memory: An In-depth Examination
2.2.2 Semantic Memory
2.2.3 Procedural Memory
2.3.1 The Working Memory Model: Central Executive
2.3.2 The Phonological Loop
2.3.3 The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
2.3.4 The Episodic Buffer in the Working Memory Model
2.3.5 The Working Memory Model: Features of the Mode
2.4.1 Explanations for Forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference
2.4.2 Retrieval Failure Due to Absence of Cues
2.5.1 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information
2.5.2 The Impact of Anxiety on Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy
2.5.3 Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy: Leading Questions
2.5.4 Misleading Information: Post-Event Discussion
2.6.1 Cognitive Interview Technique
3.1.1 Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Reciprocity
3.1.2 Interactional Synchrony in Caregiver-Infant Interactions
3.1.3 Stages of Attachment by Schaffer
3.1.4 Multiple Attachments and Role of the Father in Attachment
3.2.1 Lorenz's Study on Geese: Understanding Imprinting in Attachment
3.2.2 Harlow's Study on Monkeys
3.3.1 Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory
3.3.2 Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory of Attachment
3.4.1 Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’: Types of Attachment
3.4.2 Cultural Variations in Attachment
3.5.1 Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation
3.5.2 Romanian Orphan Studies
3.6.1 Influence of Early Attachment on Childhood Relationships
3.6.2 Influence of Early Attachment on Adult Relationships
4.1.1 Deviation from Social Norms
4.1.2 Failure to Function Adequately
4.1.3 Statistical Infrequency as a Definition of Abnormality
4.1.4 Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
4.2.1 Phobias: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics
4.2.2 Depression: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics
4.2.3 OCD: Behavioural, Emotional, Cognitive Characteristics
4.3.1 Systematic Desensitisation: A Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias
4.3.2 Behavioural Approach to Phobias: The Two-Process Model
4.3.3 Flooding in the Treatment of Phobias
4.4.1 Beck’s Negative Triad
4.4.2 Ellis's ABC Model in Understanding Depression
4.4.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Depression
4.5.1 Genetic Explanations for OCD
4.5.2 Neural Explanations for OCD
4.5.3 Drug Therapy in the Treatment of OCD
5.1.1 Wilhelm Wundt and the Founding of Psychology
5.1.2 Emergence of Psychology as a Science
5.2.1 The Behaviourist Approach in Psychology
5.2.2 Social Learning Theory
5.3.1 Cognitive Approach to Internal Mental Processes
5.3.2 Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience
5.4.1 The Influence of Genes and Neurochemistry on Behaviour
5.4.2 Biological Approach: Biological Structures and Behaviour
5.4.3 Evolution and Behaviour
5.5.1 Psychodynamic Approach: The Role of the Unconscious
5.5.2 Structure of Personality: The Psychodynamic Approach
5.5.3 Defence Mechanisms
5.5.4 Psychosexual Stages in Freud's Theory
5.6.1 Free Will and Self-Actualisation
5.6.2 Focus on the Self and Congruence in Humanistic Psychology
5.6.3 Conditions of Worth in Humanistic Psychology
5.7.1 Comparison of Psychological Approaches: Exploring Basic Assumptions
5.7.2 Evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses of Psychological Approaches
6.1.1 Central Nervous System (CNS)
6.1.2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
6.2.1 Sensory, Relay, and Motor Neurons in Neural Communication
6.2.2 Process of Synaptic Transmission
6.3.1 Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones
6.4.1 The Role of Adrenaline in the Fight or Flight Response
6.5.1 Localisation of Function in the Brain
6.5.2 Hemispheric Lateralisation
6.5.3 Broca's and Wernicke's Areas: Exploring Language Processing and Production
6.5.4 Split Brain Research
6.5.5 Brain Plasticity and Recovery
6.6.1 Brain Scanning Techniques
6.6.2 Postmortem Examinations in Psychology
6.7.1 Biological Rhythms: Types and Characteristics
6.7.2 Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers
7.1.1 Types of Experiments
7.2.1 Types of Observation in Psychology
7.3.1 Self-Report Techniques: Questionnaires
7.3.2 Interviews in Psychological Research
7.4.1 Analysis of Co-variables in Correlations
7.5.1 Content Analysis: Techniques and Application
7.6.1 Use in Psychological Research
8.1.1 Aims and Hypotheses in Research Design
8.1.2 Sampling Methods in Psychology Research
8.2.1 Experimental Designs in Psychology
8.2.2 Observational Design Elements in Psychology
8.3.1 Designing Questionnaires
8.3.2 Interview Design in Psychology Research
8.4.1 Managing Variables in Research
8.4.2 Control Techniques in Research
8.5.1 Ethical Guidelines and Issues in Psychological Research
8.5.2 The Role of Peer Review in Psychological Research
8.6.1 Reliability and Validity in Psychological Research
8.6.2 Features of Scientific Enquiry in Psychology
8.6.3 Reporting Research in Psychology
9.1.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Psychology
9.1.2 Primary and Secondary Data in Psychology
9.2.1 Measures of Central Tendency
9.2.2 Measures of Dispersion in Psychology
9.2.3 Calculation of Percentages and Correlations
9.3.1 Graphs and Tables: Presentation of Quantitative Data
9.3.2 Bar Charts and Histograms in Data Presentation
9.4.1 Understanding Distributions: Normal and Skewed
9.5.1 Introduction to Statistical Testing
9.5.2 Calculation of the Sign Test
9.6.1 Correlation Coefficients in Psychology
9.6.2 Content Analysis and Coding
10.1.1 Introduction to Statistical Testing in Psychology
10.1.2 The Sign Test
10.2.1 Understanding Probability in Testing
10.2.2 Understanding Type I and Type II Errors in Statistical Testing
10.3.1 Choice of Statistical Test: Factors Affecting Test Choice
10.3.2 Specific Statistical Tests
11.1.1 Gender Bias in Psychological Research
11.1.2 Cultural Bias in Psychology
11.2.1 Types of Determinism
11.3.1 Importance of Heredity and Environment in Behaviour
11.3.2 Interactionist Approach in Psychology
11.4.1 Levels of Explanation in Psychology
11.4.2 Types of Reductionism in Psychology
11.5.1 Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches in Psychology
11.6.1 Ethical Considerations in Research
12.1.1 Sexual Selection and Reproductive Behaviour
12.2.1 Factors Affecting Attraction: Self-Disclosure
12.2.2 Physical Attractiveness and the Matching Hypothesis in Romantic Attraction
12.2.3 Filter Theory in Romantic Attraction
12.3.1 Social Exchange Theory in Romantic Relationships
12.3.2 Equity Theory in Romantic Relationships
12.3.3 Rusbult’s Investment Model
12.4.1 Duck’s Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown
12.5.1 Self-Disclosure in Virtual Relationships
12.5.2 Effects of Absence of Gating in Virtual Relationships
12.6.1 Levels of Parasocial Relationships
12.6.2 Absorption Addiction Model in Parasocial Relationships
12.6.3 Attachment Theory Explanation in Parasocial Relationships
13.1.1 Sex-Role Stereotypes
13.1.2 Androgyny and the Bem Sex Role Inventory
13.2.1 Role of Chromosomes and Hormones in Sex and Gender Development
13.2.2 Atypical Sex Chromosome Patterns
13.3.1 Kohlberg's Theory of Gender Development
13.3.2 Gender Schema Theory
13.4.1 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Development
13.5.1 Gender Development
13.6.1 Gender Dysphoria
13.6.2 Biological and Social Explanations for Gender Dysphoria
14.1.1 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Key Concepts
14.1.2 Piaget’s Theory of Intellectual Development
14.2.1 Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development
14.3.1 Baillargeon's Explanation of Early Infant Abilities
14.4.1 Selman's Levels of Perspective-Taking
14.4.2 Theory of Mind
14.4.3 Sally-Anne Study and Theory of Mind
14.4.4 Mirror Neuron System in Social Cognition
15.1.1 Classification of Schizophrenia
15.1.2 Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
15.1.3 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
15.1.4 Reliability and Validity in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
15.2.1 Biological Explanations: Genetics and Neural Correlates in Schizophrenia
15.3.1 Psychological Explanations: Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia
15.3.2 Cognitive Explanations for Schizophrenia
15.4.1 Drug Therapy
15.4.2 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Treating Schizophrenia
15.4.3 Family Therapy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
15.4.4 Introduction to Token Economies
15.5.1 Importance in Treatment: An Interactionist Approach to Schizophrenia
15.5.2 The Diathesis-Stress Model in Schizophrenia
16.1.1 Evolutionary Explanation for Food Preferences
16.1.2 Role of Learning in Food Preference
16.2.1 Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Controlling Eating Behaviour
16.3.1 Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa
16.3.2 Psychological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa
16.4.1 Biological Explanations for Obesity
16.4.2 Psychological Explanations for Obesity
16.4.3 Dieting Success and Failure
17.1.1 General Adaptation Syndrome
17.1.2 The Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System in Stress Response
17.1.3 The Sympathomedullary Pathway (SAM) in Acute Stress
17.2.1 Stress and Immunosuppression
17.2.2 Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders
17.3.1 Life Changes and Daily Hassles
17.3.2 Workplace Stress
17.4.1 Self-Report Scales in Measuring Stress
17.4.2 Physiological Measures of Stress
17.5.1 Personality Types (A, B, C) and Stress
17.5.2 Introduction to Hardiness
17.6.1 Drug Therapy in Managing and Coping with Stress
17.6.2 Stress Inoculation Therapy (SIT)
17.6.3 Biofeedback as a Stress Management Technique
17.6.4 Gender Differences in Coping with Stress
17.6.5 Role of Social Support in Coping with Stress
18.1.1 Neural Mechanisms in Aggression
18.1.2 Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression
18.1.3 Genetic Factors in Aggression
18.2.1 Ethological Explanation of Aggression
18.2.2 Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression
18.3.1 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
18.3.2 Social Learning Theory and Aggression
18.3.3 De-individuation and Aggression
18.4.1 Aggression in Prisons
18.5.1 Effects of Computer Games on Aggressive Behaviour
18.5.2 Role of Desensitisation and Disinhibition
18.5.3 Cognitive Priming by Media
19.1.1 Top-Down Approach in Offender Profiling
19.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach in Offender Profiling
19.1.3 Geographical Profiling
19.2.1 Historical Approach (Atavistic Form)
19.2.2 Genetics and Neural Explanations of Offending Behaviour
19.3.1 Eysenck’s Theory of the Criminal Personality
19.3.2 Cognitive Explanations of Offending
19.3.3 Differential Association Theory
19.3.4 Psychodynamic Explanations of Offending
19.4.1 Aims of Custodial Sentencing
19.4.2 Psychological Effects of Custodial Sentencing
19.4.3 Recidivism: Understanding Causes and Strategies for Reduction
19.4.4 Behaviour Modification in Custody
19.4.5 Anger Management Programmes in Custodial Settings
19.4.6 Restorative Justice Programmes
20.1.1 Physical and Psychological Dependence: An In-depth Analysis
20.1.2 Tolerance in the Context of Addiction
20.1.3 Withdrawal Syndrome
20.2.1 Genetic Vulnerability in Addiction
20.2.2 Stress as a Risk Factor in Addiction
20.2.3 Personality Factors and Addiction Risk
20.2.4 Family and Peer Influences in Addiction
20.3.1 Brain Neurochemistry and Nicotine Addiction
20.3.2 Learning Theory and Smoking
20.4.1 Learning Theory and Gambling
20.4.2 Cognitive Theory and Gambling
20.5.1 Drug Therapy for Addiction
20.5.2 Behavioural Interventions in Reducing Addiction
20.5.3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in Treating Addiction
20.6.1. Theory of Planned Behaviour: Understanding and Modifying Addictive Behaviours
20.6.2 Prochaska’s Six-Stage Model of Behaviour Change

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