Which phase of mitosis is characterised by the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell?

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

What was the primary significance of the Miller-Urey experiment?

A. It demonstrated the process of mitosis.

B. It showed the formation of organic molecules from inorganic precursors.

C. It proved the RNA world hypothesis.

D. It discovered the structure of DNA.

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A. Mitosis results in diploid cells, while meiosis results in haploid cells.

B. Mitosis occurs only in animals, while meiosis occurs only in plants.

C. Mitosis involves DNA replication, while meiosis does not.

D. Mitosis produces identical cells, while meiosis produces non-identical cells.

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A. They have a similar structure to prokaryotic cells.

B. They cannot function independently of the cell.

C. They lack their own DNA and ribosomes.

D. They have their own DNA and ribosomes.

Which hypothesis suggests that life originated from self-replicating RNA molecules?

A. Protein world hypothesis

B. RNA world hypothesis

C. Metabolism-first hypothesis

D. Endosymbiotic theory

a) Outline the phases of mitosis and explain the significance of the checkpoints in each phase. [4]

b) Discuss the Miller-Urey experiment and its implications for the understanding of the origin of life. [3]

a) Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis, focusing on their roles in growth and reproduction. [4]

b) Explain the RNA world hypothesis and discuss how it proposes that self-replicating ribonucleic acid molecules were precursors to current life. [3]

a) Discuss the emergence of metabolism-first cells and how this theory contributes to the understanding of the origin of cells. [3]

b) Provide evidence supporting the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and discuss the implications for eukaryotic evolution. [4]

a) Describe the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle and explain how they prevent the progression of cancer. [3]

b) Evaluate the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment in supporting the theory of abiogenesis. [3]

c) Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and its implications for the evolution of life on Earth. [3]

a) Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, focusing on their outcomes and biological significance. [4]

b) Explain the emergence of metabolism-first cells and how this concept contrasts with the RNA world hypothesis. [3]

c) Discuss the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory and its importance in explaining the origin of eukaryotic cells. [4]