Question 1
Which phase of mitosis is characterised by the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Question 2
What is the primary role of cyclins and CDKs in cell cycle regulation?
A. DNA replication
B. Formation of the cleavage furrow
C. Control of cell cycle checkpoints
D. Packaging of DNA
Question 3
Which process is distinct between animal and plant cell cytokinesis?
A. Formation of the cleavage furrow
B. Alignment of chromosomes
C. DNA replication
D. Control of cell cycle checkpoints
Question 4
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Question 5
Which of the following is a source of mutagens that can lead to the activation of oncogenes?
A. Ultraviolet light
B. Cyclins
C. Homologous chromosomes
D. Cell plate
Question 6
a) Explain the significance of each phase in mitosis in maintaining chromosome number. [4]
b) Discuss the structure and packaging of DNA within a cell and how this relates to homologous chromosomes and the human karyotype. [4]
Question 7
a) Discuss the differences in the process of cytokinesis between animal cells (cleavage furrow) and plant cells (cell plate). [3]
b) Explain the role of cytokinesis in creating two new cells and its significance in cell division. [3]
Question 8
a) Outline the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle and discuss their role in preparing a cell for mitosis. [4]
b) Discuss the sources of mutagens and provide examples of oncogenes, explaining their role in the process of metastasis in cancer spread. [4]
Question 9
a) Discuss the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle and how they interact with CDKs to control cell cycle progression. [3]
b) Explain the phases of meiosis and their significance in sexual reproduction. [3]
c) Describe the Miller-Urey experiment and its implications for the origin of life. [3]
Question 10
a) Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and how it proposes the emergence of metabolism-first cells. [3]
b) Explain the significance of mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA and the implications for eukaryotic evolution. [4]
c) Describe the structure of homologous chromosomes and how they contribute to genetic diversity. [3]