During which stage of meiosis does crossing over, leading to genetic variation, occur?

A. Metaphase I

B. Prophase I

C. Anaphase II

D. Telophase I

How does meiosis contribute to maintaining chromosome number across generations?

A. By producing diploid daughter cells

B. By producing haploid daughter cells

C. By preventing crossing over

D. By duplicating chromosomes

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic variation during meiosis?

A. Cytokinesis

B. Independent assortment of chromosomes

C. DNA replication

D. Chromosome duplication

How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

A. Meiosis produces two diploid daughter cells, while mitosis produces four haploid daughter cells.

B. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells, while mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.

C. Both meiosis and mitosis produce two diploid daughter cells.

D. Both meiosis and mitosis produce four haploid daughter cells.

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

A. Crossing over

B. Random fertilisation

C. Independent assortment of chromosomes

D. DNA replication

a) Outline the stages of meiosis and explain how it results in four genetically unique daughter cells. [4]

b) Compare the process of meiosis with mitosis, highlighting the differences in their outcomes and functions in a multicellular organism. [3]

a) Discuss how meiosis contributes to genetic variation through the independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over. [4]

b) Explain the significance of genetic variation within a population, with reference to evolution and adaptation. [3]

a) Define karyotyping and explain how it can be used to diagnose genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome. [3]

b) Discuss the limitations of karyotyping and mention an alternative method used for detecting genetic abnormalities. [4]

a) Describe the structure of chromosomes and elucidate their role in inheritance. [3]

b) Explain the process and significance of cytokinesis in meiosis I and meiosis II. [3]

c) Discuss how the production of sex cells through meiosis maintains chromosome number across generations. [3]

a) Outline the process of karyotyping and discuss its application in prenatal screening. [4]

b) Explain how karyotyping can diagnose Down's syndrome and discuss the implications of such a diagnosis. [4]

c) Briefly mention another genetic disorder that can be diagnosed through karyotyping. [1]