1. European Option: Modern Europe, 1750–19211.1 France, 1774–18140/01.1.1 The Ancien Régime1.1.2 Enlightenment and Reform Pressure1.1.3 The 1789 Revolution: Causes and Immediate Outcomes1.1.4 Louis XVI’s Reaction and Reform Attempts 1.1.5 Revolutionary Turmoil and Government Instability: 1790-17951.1.6 The Directory and the Rise of Napoleon (1795-1799)1.2 The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1750–18500/01.2.1 Preconditions of the Industrial Revolution1.2.2 Mechanisation and Transport Innovations1.2.3 The Factory System and Industrial Growth1.2.4 Raw Materials and Market Expansion1.2.5 Urbanisation and its Social Consequences during the Industrial Revolution1.2.6 Changing Labour Conditions During the Industrial Revolution in Britain1.3 Liberalism and Nationalism in Germany, 1815–710/01.3.1 Metternich’s Influence and Liberal Opposition1.3.2 Nationalist Movements and the Zollverein1.3.3 Social and Economic Precursors to Revolution in 1840s Germany1.3.4 The 1848–49 Revolutions: Causes and Initial Responses1.3.5 The Failure of the Frankfurt Parliament1.3.6 Austrian Dominance and the Humiliation of Olmütz1.3.7 Post-Revolution Industrialisation and Economic Developments in Germany, 1815–711.3.8 Bismarck's Rise to Power and Prussian Consolidation1.3.9 Wars of Unification: Denmark to Austria1.3.10 The Path to German Empire: Franco-Prussian War and Empire Proclamation1.4 The Russian Revolution, 1894–19210/01.4.1 Tsarist Autocracy and Pressures for Change1.4.2 The 1905 Revolution: Catalysts and Tsarist Response1.4.3 Prelude to the February Revolution1.4.4 The Provisional Government and Dual Authority1.4.5 The Bolsheviks' Rise and the October Revolution1.4.6 Civil War and Bolshevik Victory (1917-1923)1. European Option: Modern Europe, 1750–19211.1 France, 1774–18140/01.1.1 The Ancien Régime1.1.2 Enlightenment and Reform Pressure1.1.3 The 1789 Revolution: Causes and Immediate Outcomes1.1.4 Louis XVI’s Reaction and Reform Attempts 1.1.5 Revolutionary Turmoil and Government Instability: 1790-17951.1.6 The Directory and the Rise of Napoleon (1795-1799)1.2 The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1750–18500/01.2.1 Preconditions of the Industrial Revolution1.2.2 Mechanisation and Transport Innovations1.2.3 The Factory System and Industrial Growth1.2.4 Raw Materials and Market Expansion1.2.5 Urbanisation and its Social Consequences during the Industrial Revolution1.2.6 Changing Labour Conditions During the Industrial Revolution in Britain1.3 Liberalism and Nationalism in Germany, 1815–710/01.3.1 Metternich’s Influence and Liberal Opposition1.3.2 Nationalist Movements and the Zollverein1.3.3 Social and Economic Precursors to Revolution in 1840s Germany1.3.4 The 1848–49 Revolutions: Causes and Initial Responses1.3.5 The Failure of the Frankfurt Parliament1.3.6 Austrian Dominance and the Humiliation of Olmütz1.3.7 Post-Revolution Industrialisation and Economic Developments in Germany, 1815–711.3.8 Bismarck's Rise to Power and Prussian Consolidation1.3.9 Wars of Unification: Denmark to Austria1.3.10 The Path to German Empire: Franco-Prussian War and Empire Proclamation1.4 The Russian Revolution, 1894–19210/01.4.1 Tsarist Autocracy and Pressures for Change1.4.2 The 1905 Revolution: Catalysts and Tsarist Response1.4.3 Prelude to the February Revolution1.4.4 The Provisional Government and Dual Authority1.4.5 The Bolsheviks' Rise and the October Revolution1.4.6 Civil War and Bolshevik Victory (1917-1923)2. The American Option: History of the USA, 1820–1941Premium2.1 The Origins of the Civil War, 1820–610/02.1.1 The Origins of the Civil War: Political Balance and Slavery (1820–1850)2.1.2 Territorial Expansion and Slavery2.1.3 The Compromise of 1850 and its Aftermath2.1.4 Rising Sectionalism and the Kansas Crisis (1850–1856)2.1.5 States’ Rights and Political Fragmentation 2.1.6 Abolitionism and the Path to the 1860 Election2.1.7 The 1860 Presidential Election and its Consequences2.1.8 From Secession to the Battle of Fort Sumter2.2 Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–770/02.2.1 Duration of the Civil War (1861-1865)2.2.2 Civil Liberties and War Impact2.2.3 Democratic Principles During the American Civil War2.2.4 Presidential Reconstruction: 1865-18672.2.5 Congressional Radical Reconstruction2.2.6 Constitutional Amendments and Legal Changes2.2.7 Reconstruction’s Success and Challenges2.2.8 The End of Reconstruction2.3 The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 19200/02.3.1 The Rise of Industry and Big Business2.3.2 The Railroad Expansion: 1870s to 19202.3.3 Trade Policy and Economic Ideologies: The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 19202.3.4 Immigration and Urban Growth in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era2.3.5 Economic Instability and Recession: The Gilded Age and Progressive Era2.3.6 Labor Movements and Agrarian Discontent2.3.7 Progressive Ideals and Reforms: The Progressive Movement (1870s-1920)2.3.8 Temperance, Prohibition, and Social Morality2.3.9 Women's Rights and Suffrage2.3.10 Corporate Regulation and Consumer Protection in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era2.3.11 Progressive Politics and Constitutional Change in the Progressive Era2.3.12 Successes and Limitations of Progressivism (1870s-1920)2.4 The Great Crash, the Great Depression, and the New Deal, 1920–410/02.4.1 The Precursors to the Great Crash2.4.2 The Great Crash of 19292.4.3 The Great Depression and Society2.4.4 Roosevelt's New Deal Implementation2.4.5 The Roosevelt Recession (1937–38)2.4.6 Opposition to the New Deal2. The American Option: History of the USA, 1820–1941Premium2.1 The Origins of the Civil War, 1820–610/02.1.1 The Origins of the Civil War: Political Balance and Slavery (1820–1850)2.1.2 Territorial Expansion and Slavery2.1.3 The Compromise of 1850 and its Aftermath2.1.4 Rising Sectionalism and the Kansas Crisis (1850–1856)2.1.5 States’ Rights and Political Fragmentation 2.1.6 Abolitionism and the Path to the 1860 Election2.1.7 The 1860 Presidential Election and its Consequences2.1.8 From Secession to the Battle of Fort Sumter2.2 Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–770/02.2.1 Duration of the Civil War (1861-1865)2.2.2 Civil Liberties and War Impact2.2.3 Democratic Principles During the American Civil War2.2.4 Presidential Reconstruction: 1865-18672.2.5 Congressional Radical Reconstruction2.2.6 Constitutional Amendments and Legal Changes2.2.7 Reconstruction’s Success and Challenges2.2.8 The End of Reconstruction2.3 The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 19200/02.3.1 The Rise of Industry and Big Business2.3.2 The Railroad Expansion: 1870s to 19202.3.3 Trade Policy and Economic Ideologies: The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 19202.3.4 Immigration and Urban Growth in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era2.3.5 Economic Instability and Recession: The Gilded Age and Progressive Era2.3.6 Labor Movements and Agrarian Discontent2.3.7 Progressive Ideals and Reforms: The Progressive Movement (1870s-1920)2.3.8 Temperance, Prohibition, and Social Morality2.3.9 Women's Rights and Suffrage2.3.10 Corporate Regulation and Consumer Protection in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era2.3.11 Progressive Politics and Constitutional Change in the Progressive Era2.3.12 Successes and Limitations of Progressivism (1870s-1920)2.4 The Great Crash, the Great Depression, and the New Deal, 1920–410/02.4.1 The Precursors to the Great Crash2.4.2 The Great Crash of 19292.4.3 The Great Depression and Society2.4.4 Roosevelt's New Deal Implementation2.4.5 The Roosevelt Recession (1937–38)2.4.6 Opposition to the New Deal3. International Option: International History, 1870–1945Premium3.1 Empire and the Emergence of World Powers, 1870–19190/03.1.1 Motivations for Imperialism3.1.2 The Scramble for Africa3.1.3 Domestic Perspectives on Imperialism3.1.4 Imperialism and International Tensions (1870–1919)3.1.5 Diplomacy Among Imperial Powers3.1.6 Japan’s Emergence as a World Power3.1.7 The USA’s Path to Global Influence3.1.8 The Spanish–American War and its Aftermath3.1.9 The USA on the World Stage During WWI3.2 The League of Nations and International Relations, 1920s0/03.2.1 Dissatisfaction with the Peace Treaties3.2.2 Early Post-War Crises3.2.3 International Diplomacy and Treaties3.2.4 Major Powers Relations in the Early 1920s3.2.5 The Path to Improved Relations in the 1920s3.2.6 Treaty Efforts for Lasting Peace3.2.7 League of Nations: Structure and Aims3.2.8 League's Resolution of Disputes: A Study in International Diplomacy3.2.9 The League’s Weaknesses3.2.10 Role of League Agencies3.3 The League of Nations and International Relations, 1930s0/03.3.1 The Rise of Extremism and International Relations in the 1930s3.3.2 Hitler's Aggressive Foreign Policy: Stages and Global Response3.3.3 League of Nations and the Failure of Disarmament3.3.4 The Manchuria and Abyssinia Crises3.3.5 Major Powers’ Attitudes Toward the League3.3.6 The Policy of Appeasement3.3.7 The Munich Crisis and Czechoslovakia3.3.8 Prelude to War: The Final Straws3.4 China and Japan, 1912–450/03.4.1 The Warlord Era and Chinese Nationalism (1912–45)3.4.2 KMT-CCP Dynamics and the Road to War (1912-45)3.4.3 CCP's Rise to Power and Resistance3.4.4 Japan's Ascension and Militarization, 1912–453.4.5 Japan's Path to World War II3. International Option: International History, 1870–1945Premium3.1 Empire and the Emergence of World Powers, 1870–19190/03.1.1 Motivations for Imperialism3.1.2 The Scramble for Africa3.1.3 Domestic Perspectives on Imperialism3.1.4 Imperialism and International Tensions (1870–1919)3.1.5 Diplomacy Among Imperial Powers3.1.6 Japan’s Emergence as a World Power3.1.7 The USA’s Path to Global Influence3.1.8 The Spanish–American War and its Aftermath3.1.9 The USA on the World Stage During WWI3.2 The League of Nations and International Relations, 1920s0/03.2.1 Dissatisfaction with the Peace Treaties3.2.2 Early Post-War Crises3.2.3 International Diplomacy and Treaties3.2.4 Major Powers Relations in the Early 1920s3.2.5 The Path to Improved Relations in the 1920s3.2.6 Treaty Efforts for Lasting Peace3.2.7 League of Nations: Structure and Aims3.2.8 League's Resolution of Disputes: A Study in International Diplomacy3.2.9 The League’s Weaknesses3.2.10 Role of League Agencies3.3 The League of Nations and International Relations, 1930s0/03.3.1 The Rise of Extremism and International Relations in the 1930s3.3.2 Hitler's Aggressive Foreign Policy: Stages and Global Response3.3.3 League of Nations and the Failure of Disarmament3.3.4 The Manchuria and Abyssinia Crises3.3.5 Major Powers’ Attitudes Toward the League3.3.6 The Policy of Appeasement3.3.7 The Munich Crisis and Czechoslovakia3.3.8 Prelude to War: The Final Straws3.4 China and Japan, 1912–450/03.4.1 The Warlord Era and Chinese Nationalism (1912–45)3.4.2 KMT-CCP Dynamics and the Road to War (1912-45)3.4.3 CCP's Rise to Power and Resistance3.4.4 Japan's Ascension and Militarization, 1912–453.4.5 Japan's Path to World War II4. The Origins of the First World War (A Level)4.1 Pre-War Tensions and Crises0/04.1.1 Moroccan Crises: Catalyst for War4.1.2 The Alliance System in Pre-War Europe4.1.3 Growth of Militarism and the Arms Race4.1.4 Instability in the Balkans: A Pre-War Catalyst4.2 Path to War0/04.2.1 War Plans4.2.2 Sarajevo Assassination and July Crisis: Precipitating World War I4.2.3 Mobilisation and War Declarations4.3 Historiographical Debates0/04.3.1 Article 231 and Early War Guilt Debate4.3.2 The Fischer Thesis and Reactions4.3.3 Shift to Shared Responsibility in WWI Historiography4.3.4 Impact of WWII on WWI Interpretations4.3.5 Modern Interpretations and Contingency in World War I History4.3.6 Centenary Reflections4. The Origins of the First World War (A Level)4.1 Pre-War Tensions and Crises0/04.1.1 Moroccan Crises: Catalyst for War4.1.2 The Alliance System in Pre-War Europe4.1.3 Growth of Militarism and the Arms Race4.1.4 Instability in the Balkans: A Pre-War Catalyst4.2 Path to War0/04.2.1 War Plans4.2.2 Sarajevo Assassination and July Crisis: Precipitating World War I4.2.3 Mobilisation and War Declarations4.3 Historiographical Debates0/04.3.1 Article 231 and Early War Guilt Debate4.3.2 The Fischer Thesis and Reactions4.3.3 Shift to Shared Responsibility in WWI Historiography4.3.4 Impact of WWII on WWI Interpretations4.3.5 Modern Interpretations and Contingency in World War I History4.3.6 Centenary Reflections5. The Holocaust (A Level)5.1 Roots of the Holocaust0/05.1.1 Historical Anti-Semitism and Racist Theories5.1.2 Early Nazi Anti-Semitism and Persecution5.2 War and the Radicalization of Nazi Policy0/05.2.1 Impact of War on Policies Toward Jews5.2.2 Ghettoization and the Jewish Experience5.2.3 Extermination Policies and Implementation5.3 Reactions to the Holocaust0/05.3.1 Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust5.4 Historiographical Debates on the Holocaust0/05.4.1 Intentionalist vs. Structuralist Debates5.4.2 Functionalist Approach and War Contingencies5.4.3 Perpetrators and Participation in the Holocaust5.4.4 Victims and Forms of Resistance in the Holocaust5.4.5 The Role of Bystanders in the Holocaust5. The Holocaust (A Level)5.1 Roots of the Holocaust0/05.1.1 Historical Anti-Semitism and Racist Theories5.1.2 Early Nazi Anti-Semitism and Persecution5.2 War and the Radicalization of Nazi Policy0/05.2.1 Impact of War on Policies Toward Jews5.2.2 Ghettoization and the Jewish Experience5.2.3 Extermination Policies and Implementation5.3 Reactions to the Holocaust0/05.3.1 Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust5.4 Historiographical Debates on the Holocaust0/05.4.1 Intentionalist vs. Structuralist Debates5.4.2 Functionalist Approach and War Contingencies5.4.3 Perpetrators and Participation in the Holocaust5.4.4 Victims and Forms of Resistance in the Holocaust5.4.5 The Role of Bystanders in the Holocaust6. The Origins and Development of the Cold War (A Level)6.1 Early Tensions and Peace-making0/06.1.1 Early Tensions in the Wartime Alliance6.1.2 Post-WWII Peace-making Efforts6.2 Division of Europe and Rising Tensions0/06.2.1 Division and Occupation of Europe6.2.2 The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan6.3 Flashpoints and Confrontations0/06.3.1 The Berlin Blockade and Airlift: A Pivotal Moment in Cold War History6.4 Cold War Historiography0/06.4.1 Traditional vs. Revisionist Views on the Origins of the Cold War6.4.2 Post-Revisionist and New Cold War History6.4.3 Russian vs. Western Historiography of the Cold War6.4.4 Reinterpretations and Current Debates in Cold War Historiography6. The Origins and Development of the Cold War (A Level)6.1 Early Tensions and Peace-making0/06.1.1 Early Tensions in the Wartime Alliance6.1.2 Post-WWII Peace-making Efforts6.2 Division of Europe and Rising Tensions0/06.2.1 Division and Occupation of Europe6.2.2 The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan6.3 Flashpoints and Confrontations0/06.3.1 The Berlin Blockade and Airlift: A Pivotal Moment in Cold War History6.4 Cold War Historiography0/06.4.1 Traditional vs. Revisionist Views on the Origins of the Cold War6.4.2 Post-Revisionist and New Cold War History6.4.3 Russian vs. Western Historiography of the Cold War6.4.4 Reinterpretations and Current Debates in Cold War Historiography7. European Option: European History in the Interwar Years, 1919–41 (A Level)Premium7.1 Mussolini’s Italy, 1919–410/07.1.1 Post-WWI Discontent in Italy7.1.2 Fascism's Rise to Power in Italy7.1.3 Establishing the Fascist Regime in Mussolini’s Italy7.1.5 Mussolini’s Foreign Policy7.1.6 The Corporate State and Economic Goals under Mussolini7.1.7 Addressing the Great Depression in Mussolini's Italy7.1.8 Agrarian Reform and Industrial Policy under Mussolini's Italy7.1.9 Societal Transformation under Fascism in Mussolini’s Italy7.1.10 Popularity and Criticism of Mussolini’s Regime7.2 Stalin’s Russia, 1924–410/07.2.1 Leadership Struggle and Stalin's Rise7.2.2 Stalin's Political Consolidation7.2.3 Stalin’s Vision and Governance in the Soviet Union7.2.4 The Great Terror: Stalin's Russia7.2.5 Stalin’s Foreign Policy, 1924-417.2.6 Economic Planning and Industrialization in Stalin's Russia7.2.7 Collectivization and Agricultural Policy under Stalin7.2.8 Stalin’s Social Policy and Cultural Revolution7.2.9 Propaganda and the Cult of Personality in Stalin's Russia7.2.10 Opposition and Support for Stalin7.3 Hitler’s Germany, 1929–410/07.3.1 Weimar's Decline and the Nazi Rise7.3.2 Nazi Consolidation of Power7.3.3 Establishment of the Totalitarian State in Nazi Germany7.3.4 Persecution and Racial Policy7.3.5 Economic Recovery and Reorientation in Hitler's Germany (1929-1941)7.3.6 Agricultural and Industrial Policies in Hitler's Germany7.3.7 Foreign Policy and Militarization7.3.8 Social Engineering and Nazi Ideology: Crafting the Aryan Society in Hitler’s Germany7.3.9 Life in Nazi Germany7.3.10 Popular Support and Opposition in Hitler's Germany7.4 Britain, 1919–390/07.4.1 Post-War Political Landscape of Britain (1919-39)7.4.2 The National Government and Extremism 7.4.3 Economic Aftermath of WWI in Britain7.4.4 The General Strike and Industrial Decline7.4.5 The Impact of the Great Depression on Britain7.4.6 Social Changes and Welfare Policies in Britain: 1919-397.4.7 Pre-War Social Attitudes and Policies in Britain7.4.8 Rearmament and Military Policy7.4.9 Appeasement and Public Reaction7.4.10 Civil and Military War Preparations in Britain (1919-39)7. European Option: European History in the Interwar Years, 1919–41 (A Level)Premium7.1 Mussolini’s Italy, 1919–410/07.1.1 Post-WWI Discontent in Italy7.1.2 Fascism's Rise to Power in Italy7.1.3 Establishing the Fascist Regime in Mussolini’s Italy7.1.5 Mussolini’s Foreign Policy7.1.6 The Corporate State and Economic Goals under Mussolini7.1.7 Addressing the Great Depression in Mussolini's Italy7.1.8 Agrarian Reform and Industrial Policy under Mussolini's Italy7.1.9 Societal Transformation under Fascism in Mussolini’s Italy7.1.10 Popularity and Criticism of Mussolini’s Regime7.2 Stalin’s Russia, 1924–410/07.2.1 Leadership Struggle and Stalin's Rise7.2.2 Stalin's Political Consolidation7.2.3 Stalin’s Vision and Governance in the Soviet Union7.2.4 The Great Terror: Stalin's Russia7.2.5 Stalin’s Foreign Policy, 1924-417.2.6 Economic Planning and Industrialization in Stalin's Russia7.2.7 Collectivization and Agricultural Policy under Stalin7.2.8 Stalin’s Social Policy and Cultural Revolution7.2.9 Propaganda and the Cult of Personality in Stalin's Russia7.2.10 Opposition and Support for Stalin7.3 Hitler’s Germany, 1929–410/07.3.1 Weimar's Decline and the Nazi Rise7.3.2 Nazi Consolidation of Power7.3.3 Establishment of the Totalitarian State in Nazi Germany7.3.4 Persecution and Racial Policy7.3.5 Economic Recovery and Reorientation in Hitler's Germany (1929-1941)7.3.6 Agricultural and Industrial Policies in Hitler's Germany7.3.7 Foreign Policy and Militarization7.3.8 Social Engineering and Nazi Ideology: Crafting the Aryan Society in Hitler’s Germany7.3.9 Life in Nazi Germany7.3.10 Popular Support and Opposition in Hitler's Germany7.4 Britain, 1919–390/07.4.1 Post-War Political Landscape of Britain (1919-39)7.4.2 The National Government and Extremism 7.4.3 Economic Aftermath of WWI in Britain7.4.4 The General Strike and Industrial Decline7.4.5 The Impact of the Great Depression on Britain7.4.6 Social Changes and Welfare Policies in Britain: 1919-397.4.7 Pre-War Social Attitudes and Policies in Britain7.4.8 Rearmament and Military Policy7.4.9 Appeasement and Public Reaction7.4.10 Civil and Military War Preparations in Britain (1919-39)8. American Option, Depth Study 2: The USA, 1944–92 (A Level)Premium8.1 The late 1940s and 1950s0/08.1.1 Economic Boom and Federal Policy in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.2 Rise of Consumerism in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.3 Employment and Industrialization in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.4 Post-War Social Dynamics8.1.5 Youth Culture and Social Mobility in Post-War America8.1.6 Political Developments and Elections in the late 1940s and 1950s8.1.7 Eisenhower’s Domestic Policies8.1.8 Civil Rights Initiatives and Resistance in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.9 Public Sentiment and Preparation for War in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.2 The 1960s and the 1970s0/08.2.1 Economic Shifts and Vietnam (1960s-1970s)8.2.2 Decline of Post-War Economic Stability8.2.3 Response to Economic Adversities in the 1960s and 1970s8.2.4 Social Reformation in the 1960s and 1970s8.2.5 Political Landscape: The 1960s and 1970s8.2.6 Civil Rights Movement's Stride8.2.7 Affirmative Action and Minority Rights in the 1960s and 1970s8.3 The 1980s and early 1990s0/08.3.1 The Principles of Reaganomics8.3.2 Economic Challenges and Competitiveness in the 1980s and Early 1990s8.3.3 Living Standards and Economic Disparities in the 1980s8.3.4 The Twin Deficits Dilemma8.3.5 Social Issues and Government Responses in the 1980s and Early 1990s8.3.6 The Rise of the Religious Right8.3.7 Party Politics and the New Right in the 1980s8.3.8 Reagan's Administration and Controversies8.3.9 The Democrats' Response and Clinton's Rise8.3.10 Advancements in Civil Rights8.3.11 Multiculturalism and Identity Politics in the 1980s and 1990s8.3.12 Reaganomics and Minority Communities8.3.13 Affirmative Action in Practice during the 1980s8.4 Foreign policy 1944–920/08.4.1 Establishing Post-War Economic Structures8.4.2 Bretton Woods in Practice8.4.3 Economic Hegemony Challenges (1944-1992)8.4.4 Cold War Strategies: Containment and Rollback8.4.5 The Détente Period8.4.6 The Second Cold War (1980s)8.4.7 Shifts in US-Soviet Relations: The Reagan and Bush Administrations8.4.8 The Role of Leaders in Shaping Foreign Policy8. American Option, Depth Study 2: The USA, 1944–92 (A Level)Premium8.1 The late 1940s and 1950s0/08.1.1 Economic Boom and Federal Policy in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.2 Rise of Consumerism in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.3 Employment and Industrialization in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.4 Post-War Social Dynamics8.1.5 Youth Culture and Social Mobility in Post-War America8.1.6 Political Developments and Elections in the late 1940s and 1950s8.1.7 Eisenhower’s Domestic Policies8.1.8 Civil Rights Initiatives and Resistance in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.1.9 Public Sentiment and Preparation for War in the Late 1940s and 1950s8.2 The 1960s and the 1970s0/08.2.1 Economic Shifts and Vietnam (1960s-1970s)8.2.2 Decline of Post-War Economic Stability8.2.3 Response to Economic Adversities in the 1960s and 1970s8.2.4 Social Reformation in the 1960s and 1970s8.2.5 Political Landscape: The 1960s and 1970s8.2.6 Civil Rights Movement's Stride8.2.7 Affirmative Action and Minority Rights in the 1960s and 1970s8.3 The 1980s and early 1990s0/08.3.1 The Principles of Reaganomics8.3.2 Economic Challenges and Competitiveness in the 1980s and Early 1990s8.3.3 Living Standards and Economic Disparities in the 1980s8.3.4 The Twin Deficits Dilemma8.3.5 Social Issues and Government Responses in the 1980s and Early 1990s8.3.6 The Rise of the Religious Right8.3.7 Party Politics and the New Right in the 1980s8.3.8 Reagan's Administration and Controversies8.3.9 The Democrats' Response and Clinton's Rise8.3.10 Advancements in Civil Rights8.3.11 Multiculturalism and Identity Politics in the 1980s and 1990s8.3.12 Reaganomics and Minority Communities8.3.13 Affirmative Action in Practice during the 1980s8.4 Foreign policy 1944–920/08.4.1 Establishing Post-War Economic Structures8.4.2 Bretton Woods in Practice8.4.3 Economic Hegemony Challenges (1944-1992)8.4.4 Cold War Strategies: Containment and Rollback8.4.5 The Détente Period8.4.6 The Second Cold War (1980s)8.4.7 Shifts in US-Soviet Relations: The Reagan and Bush Administrations8.4.8 The Role of Leaders in Shaping Foreign Policy9. International Option, Depth Study 3: International History, 1945–92 (A Level)Premium9.1 US–Soviet Relations During the Cold War, 1950–910/09.1.1 Post-Stalin Transition9.1.2 Khrushchev and Peaceful Coexistence9.1.3 Flashpoints in Asia and Europe9.1.4 Détente to Second Cold War9.1.5 The Cuban Revolution and US Reactions9.1.6 The Cuban Missile Crisis9.1.7 Post-Crisis Developments in US-Soviet Relations During the Cold War9.1.8 The Arms Race Intensifies9.1.9 Arms Control Efforts During the Cold War9.1.10 Endgame Strategies and the Cold War's End9.2 Spread of Communism in Asia0/09.2.1 Post-WWII Colonial Dynamics9.2.2 Nationalist Movements' Ascendancy in Post-WWII Asia9.2.3 Sino-Soviet Relationship Evolution9.2.4 Korean War Outbreak and Global Impact9.2.5 SEATO and American Presence in the Pacific9.2.6 Vietnam War: US Intervention Drivers9.2.7 PRC and USSR Support to North Vietnam9.2.8 The Path to US Withdrawal from Vietnam9.2.9 Aftermath of US Withdrawal9.2.10 Sino-American Relations Amidst War9.2.11 Sino-American Rapprochement9.3 Decolonisation in Africa0/09.3.1 Nationalist Movements and Independence in Africa9.3.2 Colonial Powers' Attitudes and Withdrawal During Decolonisation9.3.3 Post-Independence Governance Challenges in Africa9.3.4 Economic Development and Reliance in Post-Colonial Africa9.3.5 Addressing Social Disparities in Post-Colonial Africa9.3.6 The Cold War Impact on African States9.3.7 Non-Alignment and Regional Unity in Africa During the Cold War9.3.8 UN Peacekeeping Operations in African Conflicts9.3.9 UN Challenges in Somalia9.4 Conflict in the Middle East0/09.4.1 Genesis of Israeli Statehood9.4.2 British Mandate and Jewish Resistance9.4.3 UN Partition Plan and its Impact9.4.4 US Support for the Creation of Israel9.4.5 Arab-Israeli Conflict Escalation9.4.6 Rise and Evolution of the PLO9.4.7 Reconciliation Efforts in the Middle East9.4.8 Superpower Dynamics in the Middle East9.4.9 The Iranian Revolution and its Impact on Regional Dynamics9.4.10 The Iran-Iraq War: Regional Impact and Consequences9.4.11 The Gulf War: Prelude and Consequences9. International Option, Depth Study 3: International History, 1945–92 (A Level)Premium9.1 US–Soviet Relations During the Cold War, 1950–910/09.1.1 Post-Stalin Transition9.1.2 Khrushchev and Peaceful Coexistence9.1.3 Flashpoints in Asia and Europe9.1.4 Détente to Second Cold War9.1.5 The Cuban Revolution and US Reactions9.1.6 The Cuban Missile Crisis9.1.7 Post-Crisis Developments in US-Soviet Relations During the Cold War9.1.8 The Arms Race Intensifies9.1.9 Arms Control Efforts During the Cold War9.1.10 Endgame Strategies and the Cold War's End9.2 Spread of Communism in Asia0/09.2.1 Post-WWII Colonial Dynamics9.2.2 Nationalist Movements' Ascendancy in Post-WWII Asia9.2.3 Sino-Soviet Relationship Evolution9.2.4 Korean War Outbreak and Global Impact9.2.5 SEATO and American Presence in the Pacific9.2.6 Vietnam War: US Intervention Drivers9.2.7 PRC and USSR Support to North Vietnam9.2.8 The Path to US Withdrawal from Vietnam9.2.9 Aftermath of US Withdrawal9.2.10 Sino-American Relations Amidst War9.2.11 Sino-American Rapprochement9.3 Decolonisation in Africa0/09.3.1 Nationalist Movements and Independence in Africa9.3.2 Colonial Powers' Attitudes and Withdrawal During Decolonisation9.3.3 Post-Independence Governance Challenges in Africa9.3.4 Economic Development and Reliance in Post-Colonial Africa9.3.5 Addressing Social Disparities in Post-Colonial Africa9.3.6 The Cold War Impact on African States9.3.7 Non-Alignment and Regional Unity in Africa During the Cold War9.3.8 UN Peacekeeping Operations in African Conflicts9.3.9 UN Challenges in Somalia9.4 Conflict in the Middle East0/09.4.1 Genesis of Israeli Statehood9.4.2 British Mandate and Jewish Resistance9.4.3 UN Partition Plan and its Impact9.4.4 US Support for the Creation of Israel9.4.5 Arab-Israeli Conflict Escalation9.4.6 Rise and Evolution of the PLO9.4.7 Reconciliation Efforts in the Middle East9.4.8 Superpower Dynamics in the Middle East9.4.9 The Iranian Revolution and its Impact on Regional Dynamics9.4.10 The Iran-Iraq War: Regional Impact and Consequences9.4.11 The Gulf War: Prelude and Consequences
