What triggers the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants?

A. Changes in root development

B. Changes in gene expression in the shoot apex

C. Alteration in leaf morphology

D. Modification in stem elongation

How does photoperiodism influence flowering in plants?

A. It determines the plant's response to temperature variations.

B. It regulates the plant's response to the length of day or night.

C. It controls the plant's water uptake from the soil.

D. It modifies the plant's nutrient absorption rate.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the processes necessary for successful plant reproduction?

A. Fertilization, Pollination, Seed Dispersal

B. Pollination, Fertilization, Seed Dispersal

C. Seed Dispersal, Pollination, Fertilization

D. Fertilization, Seed Dispersal, Pollination

Why do flowering plants engage in mutualistic relationships with pollinators?

A. To increase water absorption from the soil

B. To enhance protection against herbivores

C. To facilitate pollination and ensure reproductive success

D. To increase competition with other plant species

What role do long-day plants play in photoperiodism?

A. They flower when nights are longer than a critical length.

B. They flower regardless of the length of day or night.

C. They flower when days are longer than a critical length.

D. They do not participate in photoperiodism.

a) Discuss the genetic and hormonal control that leads to the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. How does this change in gene expression in the shoot apex result in flowering? [4]

b) Explain the concept of photoperiodism and how it triggers flowering in long-day, short-day, and day-neutral plants. [3]

a) Detail the sequential processes of pollination and fertilisation in plants, highlighting the structures involved, such as flowers, pollen, and ovules. [4]

b) Discuss the mutualistic relationships between flowering plants and pollinators like bees and butterflies. How do both parties benefit from this interaction? [3]

a) Explain how the presence of auxin affects cell growth rates and contributes to the modification of cell walls in plants. [3]

b) Discuss the importance of seed dispersal in plant reproduction and describe two different methods by which plants achieve this. [4]

a) Explain how changes in gene expression in the shoot apex contribute to the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. [3]

b) Discuss the role of auxins in regulating cell elongation and differentiation in the shoot apex. [3]

c) How do plant tropisms, including phototropism and gravitropism, allow plants to adapt to their environment? [4]

a) Detail the process of pollination and the structures involved in it. [3]

b) How do mutualistic relationships with pollinators benefit flowering plants? [3]

c) Explain the significance of seed dispersal for plant reproduction and survival. [4]