Question 1
Which structure in the heart acts as a natural pacemaker by initiating the heartbeat?
A. Atrioventricular node
B. Sinoatrial node
C. Purkinje fibres
D. Bundle of His
Question 2
What is the primary function of valves in the heart and veins?
A. Oxygenate blood
B. Prevent backflow of blood
C. Exchange gases and nutrients
D. Pump blood
Question 3
Which blood vessels have permeable walls that allow the exchange of materials between blood and tissues?
A. Arteries
B. Veins
C. Capillaries
D. Arterioles
Question 4
Where does gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circulation?
A. Heart
B. Arteries
C. Lungs
D. Veins
Question 5
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
A. Leukocytes
B. Platelets
C. Plasma
D. Erythrocytes
Question 6
a) Outline the structure of the heart and explain how it functions as a double pump. [4]
b) Discuss the role of the sinoatrial node in initiating the heartbeat and its significance as the heart’s pacemaker. [3]
Question 7
a) Describe the composition of blood and explain the function of each component. [4]
b) How do arteries maintain blood pressure between heartbeats, and why is this important? [3]
Question 8
a) Explain the importance of capillary exchange for nutrient and gas exchange at the cellular level. [3]
b) Discuss the unique anatomy and physiology of pulmonary circulation and how it facilitates gas exchange. [4]
Question 9
a) Describe the role of valves in the heart and veins in maintaining blood flow and preventing backflow. [3]
b) Explain the function of muscle cells and elastic fibres in arteries. [3]
c) How does the structure of capillaries allow for efficient exchange of materials between blood and tissues? [3]
Question 10
a) Discuss the cardiac cycle, highlighting the role of valves and pacemaker cells. [4]
b) How does the anatomy of the pulmonary circulation facilitate gas exchange in the lungs? [3]
c) Explain the importance of the sinoatrial node in coordinating heart contractions. [2]