1. Biological Approach to Understanding Behaviour1.1 Brain & Behaviour1.1.1 MRI Scans1.1.2 fMRI Scans1.1.3 PET Scans1.1.4 EEG1.1.5 Brain Regions & Functions1.1.6 Localisation of Function1.1.7 Neuroplasticity1.2 Neurotransmitters & Their Effects1.2.1 Dopamine1.2.2 Serotonin1.2.3 Synaptic Transmission1.3 Hormones & Pheromones in Behavior1.3.1 Endocrine System Overview1.3.2 Adrenaline1.3.3 Oxytocin1.3.4 Pheromones in Humans1.4 Genetics & Behavioural Traits1.4.1 Basics of Genetics1.4.2 Twin Studies1.4.3 Genetic Mutations1.4.4 Nature vs. Nurture1.5 Animal Studies & Human Behavior Insights (HL only)1.5.1 Pavlov's Dogs1.5.2 Skinner's Rats1.5.3 Ethical Considerations in Animal Studies1. Biological Approach to Understanding Behaviour1.1 Brain & Behaviour1.1.1 MRI Scans1.1.2 fMRI Scans1.1.3 PET Scans1.1.4 EEG1.1.5 Brain Regions & Functions1.1.6 Localisation of Function1.1.7 Neuroplasticity1.2 Neurotransmitters & Their Effects1.2.1 Dopamine1.2.2 Serotonin1.2.3 Synaptic Transmission1.3 Hormones & Pheromones in Behavior1.3.1 Endocrine System Overview1.3.2 Adrenaline1.3.3 Oxytocin1.3.4 Pheromones in Humans1.4 Genetics & Behavioural Traits1.4.1 Basics of Genetics1.4.2 Twin Studies1.4.3 Genetic Mutations1.4.4 Nature vs. Nurture1.5 Animal Studies & Human Behavior Insights (HL only)1.5.1 Pavlov's Dogs1.5.2 Skinner's Rats1.5.3 Ethical Considerations in Animal Studies2. Cognitive Approach to Understanding Behaviour2.1 Memory: Types & Processes2.1.1 Short-Term vs. Long-Term Memory2.1.2 Working Memory Model2.1.3 Forgetting & Memory Decay2.2 Perception & Reality2.2.1 Sensory Perception2.2.2 Optical Illusions2.2.3 Cognitive Biases in Perception2.3 Decision Making & Cognitive Biases2.3.1 Heuristics in Decision Making2.3.2 Factors Influencing Decisions2.3.3 Problem-Solving Strategies2.4 Cognitive Development Over Lifespan2.4.1 Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development2.4.2 Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory2.4.3 Cognitive Changes in Adulthood2.5 Role of Emotion in Cognition2.5.1 Emotion & Memory2.5.2 Emotions in Decision Making2.6 Digital Age & Cognitive Shifts2.6.1 Technology's Impact on Cognition2. Cognitive Approach to Understanding Behaviour2.1 Memory: Types & Processes2.1.1 Short-Term vs. Long-Term Memory2.1.2 Working Memory Model2.1.3 Forgetting & Memory Decay2.2 Perception & Reality2.2.1 Sensory Perception2.2.2 Optical Illusions2.2.3 Cognitive Biases in Perception2.3 Decision Making & Cognitive Biases2.3.1 Heuristics in Decision Making2.3.2 Factors Influencing Decisions2.3.3 Problem-Solving Strategies2.4 Cognitive Development Over Lifespan2.4.1 Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development2.4.2 Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory2.4.3 Cognitive Changes in Adulthood2.5 Role of Emotion in Cognition2.5.1 Emotion & Memory2.5.2 Emotions in Decision Making2.6 Digital Age & Cognitive Shifts2.6.1 Technology's Impact on Cognition3. Sociocultural Approach to Understanding BehaviourPremium3.1 Social Identity & Group Behaviors3.1.1 Social Identity Theory3.1.2 Asch's Conformity Study3.1.3 Milgram's Obedience Study3.1.4 Groupthink & Polarization3.2 Cultural Influences on Cognition & Behavior3.2.1 Cultural Dimensions3.2.2 Enculturation & Acculturation3.2.3 Cultural Variations in Behaviour3.3 Tradition, Modernity & Behavioral Shifts3.3.1 Impact of Tradition on BehaviourModernity & Changing Behaviours3.4 Language's Role in Shaping Thought3.4.1 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis3.4.2 Bilingualism & Cognition3.5 Addressing Stereotypes & Prejudices3.5.1 Origins of Stereotypes3.5.2 Prejudice & Discrimination3.6 Globalization's Impact on Sociocultural Dynamics (HL only)3.6.1 Globalization & Cultural Identity3. Sociocultural Approach to Understanding BehaviourPremium3.1 Social Identity & Group Behaviors3.1.1 Social Identity Theory3.1.2 Asch's Conformity Study3.1.3 Milgram's Obedience Study3.1.4 Groupthink & Polarization3.2 Cultural Influences on Cognition & Behavior3.2.1 Cultural Dimensions3.2.2 Enculturation & Acculturation3.2.3 Cultural Variations in Behaviour3.3 Tradition, Modernity & Behavioral Shifts3.3.1 Impact of Tradition on BehaviourModernity & Changing Behaviours3.4 Language's Role in Shaping Thought3.4.1 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis3.4.2 Bilingualism & Cognition3.5 Addressing Stereotypes & Prejudices3.5.1 Origins of Stereotypes3.5.2 Prejudice & Discrimination3.6 Globalization's Impact on Sociocultural Dynamics (HL only)3.6.1 Globalization & Cultural Identity4. Approaches to Researching BehaviourPremium4.1 Quantitative Methods4.1.1 Experimental Research in Psychology4.1.2 Correlational Research4.1.3 Surveys & Questionnaires4.2 Qualitative Methods4.2.1 Case Studies4.2.2 Interviews4.2.3 Observational Research4.3 Research Design4.3.1 Formulating Hypotheses4.3.2 Variables in Research4.3.3 Sampling Techniques4.4 Ethical Considerations4.4.1 Informed Consent in Psychological Research4.4.2 Confidentiality & Anonymity4.4.3 Right to Withdraw4.5 Analysis & Evaluation4.5.1 Types of Data4.5.2 Reliability & Validity4.5.3 Recognising & Addressing Bias4. Approaches to Researching BehaviourPremium4.1 Quantitative Methods4.1.1 Experimental Research in Psychology4.1.2 Correlational Research4.1.3 Surveys & Questionnaires4.2 Qualitative Methods4.2.1 Case Studies4.2.2 Interviews4.2.3 Observational Research4.3 Research Design4.3.1 Formulating Hypotheses4.3.2 Variables in Research4.3.3 Sampling Techniques4.4 Ethical Considerations4.4.1 Informed Consent in Psychological Research4.4.2 Confidentiality & Anonymity4.4.3 Right to Withdraw4.5 Analysis & Evaluation4.5.1 Types of Data4.5.2 Reliability & Validity4.5.3 Recognising & Addressing Bias5. Abnormal Psychology (Option)Premium 5.1 Defining 'Normal' vs. 'Abnormal'5.1.1 Criteria for Abnormality5.1.2 Historical Perspectives 5.2 Major Psychological Disorders5.2.1 Anxiety Disorders5.2.2 Mood Disorders5.2.3 Psychotic Disorders5.3 Causes & Risk Factors5.3.1 Biological Factors 5.3.2 Cognitive Factors5.3.3 Sociocultural Factors5.4 Treatment Modalities & Effectiveness5.4.1 Psychotherapy5.4.2 Pharmacological Treatments5.4.3 Alternative Treatments5.5 Societal Views & Stigmas5.5.1 Origins of Stigma5.5.2 Role of Media & Pop Culture5.5.3 Advocacy & Awareness Campaigns5.6 Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria5.6.1 DSM & ICD Evolution5. Abnormal Psychology (Option)Premium 5.1 Defining 'Normal' vs. 'Abnormal'5.1.1 Criteria for Abnormality5.1.2 Historical Perspectives 5.2 Major Psychological Disorders5.2.1 Anxiety Disorders5.2.2 Mood Disorders5.2.3 Psychotic Disorders5.3 Causes & Risk Factors5.3.1 Biological Factors 5.3.2 Cognitive Factors5.3.3 Sociocultural Factors5.4 Treatment Modalities & Effectiveness5.4.1 Psychotherapy5.4.2 Pharmacological Treatments5.4.3 Alternative Treatments5.5 Societal Views & Stigmas5.5.1 Origins of Stigma5.5.2 Role of Media & Pop Culture5.5.3 Advocacy & Awareness Campaigns5.6 Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria5.6.1 DSM & ICD Evolution