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AQA GCSE Chemistry

Study Notes
1.1.1 Distinguishing Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
1.2.1 The Structure of an Atom
1.2.2 Atomic and Mass Numbers in Chemistry
1.2.3 Electron Configuration in Atoms
1.2.4 Periodic Table Insights
1.3.1 Defining Isotopes
1.3.2 Symbol Interpretation and Chemical Properties
1.3.3 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass
1.4.1 The Periodic Table Structure
1.4.2 Chemical Properties and Electronic Configuration
1.4.3 Trends in Groups
1.5.1 Characteristics of Group I Alkali Metals
1.6.1 Introduction to Group VII Halogens
1.7.1 Transition Elements: Exploring Their Fascinating Characteristics
1.8.1 Characteristics of Group VIII Noble Gases
2.1.1 Distinguishing Properties
2.1.2 Particle Arrangement and Motion
2.2.1 Processes of State Change
2.2.2 Kinetic Particle Theory in State Changes
2.3.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Gas Behaviour
2.3.2 Real-Life Applications of Gas Behaviour
2.4.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion
2.4.2 Molecular Mass and Diffusion Rate
2.5.1 Formation of Ions
2.5.2 Ionic Bonding in Chemistry
2.5.3 Ionic Compounds: Formation and Properties
2.5.4 Giant Lattice Structure in Ionic Compounds
2.6.1 Covalent Bond Formation
2.6.2 Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds
2.7.1 Structures and Uses of Graphite and Diamond
2.7.2 Silicon(IV) Oxide Structure
2.8.1 Introduction to Metallic Bonding
2.8.2 Properties of Metals: An In-Depth Exploration of Their Structure and Bonding
3.1.1 Formulae of Elements and Compounds
3.1.2 Understanding Molecular Formula
3.1.3 Deriving Compound Formulae
3.1.4 Creating Chemical Equations
3.1.5 Empirical Formula Concept
3.1.6 Ionic Compound Formulation
3.1.7 Advanced Equation Construction in Chemistry
3.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
3.2.2 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
3.2.3 Reacting Masses Calculation
3.3.1 Concentration Measurements in Chemistry
3.3.2 The Mole and Avogadro Constant
3.3.3 Molar Calculations
3.3.4 Gas Volumes at Room Temperature and Pressure (RTP)
3.3.5 Comprehensive Stoichiometric Calculations
3.3.6 Titration Analysis
3.3.7 Formulae from Experimental Data
3.3.8 Yield and Purity Calculations
4.1.1 Fundamentals of Electrolysis
4.1.2 Electrolysis Products and Observations
4.1.3 Electrode Reactions and Predictions in Electrolysis
4.1.4 Applications of Electrolysis
4.2.1 Oxidation Numbers and Redox Reactions
4.2.2 Identifying Redox Reactions
4.2.3 Oxidising and Reducing Agents in Redox Reactions
4.3.1 Reactions of Acids
4.3.2 Nature of Bases and Alkalis
4.3.3 Ions in Acids and Alkalis
4.3.4 Neutralisation Reaction
4.3.5 Proton Transfer in Acids and Bases
4.4.1 Classification of Oxides
4.5.1 Preparation of Soluble Salts
4.5.2 Hydration and Anhydrous Substances
4.5.3 Insoluble Salts and Crystallisation
5.1.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cells: Principles and Uses
5.2.1 Nature of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
5.2.2 Reaction Pathway Diagrams
5.2.3 Enthalpy Changes in Reactions
5.2.4 Drawing and Interpreting Reaction Pathways
5.2.5 Bond Energies and Reaction Enthalpy
6.1.1 Identifying Physical and Chemical Changes
6.2.1 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
6.2.2 Catalysts in Reactions
6.2.3 Investigating Reaction Rates
6.2.4 Evaluating Reaction Rate Methods
6.3.1 Reversible Reactions: An Insight into Dynamic Chemical Processes
6.3.2 Chemical Equilibrium in Closed Systems
6.3.3 Equilibrium and Changing Conditions
6.3.4 Industrial Processes in Chemistry: The Haber and Contact Processes
7.1.1 Drawing and Interpreting Formulae
7.1.2 Introduction to General Formulae of Homologous Series
7.1.3 Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
7.1.4 Structural Formulae and Isomers
7.1.5 Characteristics of Homologous Series in Organic Chemistry
7.2.1 Introduction to Naming and Drawing Simple Organic Compounds
7.2.2 Identifying Compound Types by Chemical Names
7.2.3 Naming and Drawing Complex Organic Compounds
7.3.1 Naming Fossil Fuels
7.3.2 Hydrocarbons and Petroleum
7.3.3 Uses of Petroleum Fractions
7.4.1 Bonding and Reactivity of Alkanes
7.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine
7.5.1 Bonding and Manufacture of Alkenes
7.5.2Distinguishing Tests for Alkenes
7.6.1 Manufacture and Combustion of Ethanol
7.6.2 Ethanol Production: Advantages and Disadvantages
7.7.1 Reactions of Ethanoic Acid
7.7.2 Formation and Esterification of Ethanoic Acid
7.8.1 Introduction to Polymers
7.8.2 Types and Structures of Polymers
7.8.3 Protein Structure and Recycling of Polymers
8.1.1 Appropriate Apparatus for Measurement
8.1.2 Solvents, Solutes, and Solutions
8.2.1 Acid-Base Titrations: Performing the Procedure
8.3.1 Introduction to Paper Chromatography for Coloured Substances
8.3.2 Chromatography for Colourless Substances
8.4.1 Separation and Purification Methods
8.4.2 Assessing Purity in Substances
8.5.1 Anion Tests in Chemistry
8.5.2 Cation Tests with Sodium Hydroxide and Ammonia
8.5.3 Gas Tests
8.5.4 Flame Tests for Cations
9.1.1 Composition of Air
9.1.2 Air Pollutants
9.1.3 Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases
9.1.4 Environmental Strategies to Combat Climate Change and Acid Rain
9.1.5 Photosynthesis: The Vital Process of Plant Life
9.1.6 Nitrogen Oxides in Car Engines
10.1.1 Physical Properties of Metals
10.1.2 Chemical Properties of Metals
10.2.1 Applications Based on Physical Properties
10.3.1 Nature and Examples of Alloys
10.3.2 Properties and Uses of Alloys
10.3.3 Structural Explanation for Alloy Properties
10.4.1 The Reactivity Series
10.4.2 Reactivity and Ion Formation
10.5.1 Rusting of Iron and Steel
10.5.2 Galvanising and Sacrificial Protection
10.6.1 Metal Extraction and Reactivity Series
10.6.2 Detailed Processes of Metal Extraction
10.7.1 Testing for Water: Chemical Methods and Purity Analysis
10.7.2 Distilled Water in Chemistry
10.7.3Substances in Natural Water Sources
10.7.4 Water Treatment in Domestic Water Supply
10.8.1 Fertilisers: Use of Ammonium Salts and Nitrates

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