IB Physics IA: 60 Examples and Guidance (2025)

The International Baccalaureate (IB) program offers a variety of assessments for students, including Internal Assessments (IAs), which are pieces of coursework marked by students’ teachers. The Physics IA is an assessment designed to test students' understanding of the material they have learned in their Physics course and their ability to conduct independent research.

What is the IA?

The IA consists of a laboratory report that students must complete during their IB Physics course. It is an individual, self-directed project that allows students to demonstrate their understanding of the scientific method and their ability to design, conduct, and report on an experiment.

For assessments before May 2025, the report should be 6 to 12 pages in length, no longer than 2,500 words, and should include a research question, a methodology section, data analysis, and a conclusion. From May 2025, the report should be a maximum of 3,000 words.

What should the IA be about?

Expert IB Physics tutors agree that when choosing a topic for their IA, students should keep in mind that the investigation should be related to the content of the IB Physics course. It should also be practical, feasible, and of sufficient complexity to demonstrate their understanding of the subject matter.

Have a look at our comprehensive set of IB Physics 2025 SL and IB Physics 2025 HL Resources, developed by expert IB teachers and examiners:

📚 View IB Physics 2025 SL Practice Questions
📚 View IB Physics 2025 HL Practice Questions
📚 View IB Physics 2025 SL Study Notes
📚 View IB Physics 2025 HL Study Notes
📚 View IB Physics 2025 SL Past Papers
📚 View IB Physics 2025 HL Past Papers

What are some example research questions?

Here are a few examples of potential research questions compiled by professional IB Physics tutors which could inspire your Physics IA:

1 - How does the angle of incidence affect the angle of reflection in a mirror?

This experiment explores how the angle at which light strikes a mirror (angle of incidence) impacts the angle at which it reflects (angle of reflection). By studying different types of mirrors, you can assess whether surface properties influence this relationship, adhering to the laws of reflection.

Key steps:

• Position a mirror at a fixed distance from a light source.
• Use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence and reflection accurately.
• Experiment with various surface types (e.g., plane mirrors, concave, and convex) to examine differences.
• Present data using graphs or tables to highlight any observed patterns.

2 - Can the speed of sound in a gas be determined using a resonance tube?

This investigation focuses on measuring the speed of sound in different gases by utilising a resonance tube. The process relies on the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and sound velocity, allowing for comparisons between gases.

Key steps:

• Introduce the gas sample into a resonance tube with a speaker and microphone at fixed positions.
• Gradually increase the speaker’s frequency until resonance occurs and note the frequency.
• Measure the distance between the speaker and the microphone to calculate the wavelength.
• Use the formula v=fλv = f\lambdav=fλ to compute the speed of sound.
• Repeat with various gases to compare results systematically.

3 - Investigating the effect of the length of a pendulum on its period of oscillation.

This experiment determines how the length of a pendulum influences its oscillation period, aiming to validate the relationship between these variables. The results can be visualised to demonstrate the predictable behaviour of pendulums.

Key steps:

• Construct a pendulum with adjustable lengths.
• Time the oscillation period for each length using a stopwatch.
• Record data for at least five different lengths to ensure accuracy.
• Plot a graph of pendulum length versus oscillation period to analyse the trend.
• Maintain consistent mass and release height to control variables.

4 - How does the distance of a lens from an object affect the size of the image produced?

This experiment explores how the distance between a lens and an object affects the size of the produced image. By varying the lens position systematically, you can determine the optimal setup for achieving a desired image size.

Key steps:

• Place the lens at varying distances from a fixed object of known size.
• Measure the image size at each distance, keeping lighting and lens type consistent.
• Record data systematically and present it graphically to illustrate the relationship.
• Analyse the data to identify the optimal lens-to-object distance for specific image sizes.

5 - Can the refractive index of a liquid be determined using a prism and a spectrometer?

This experiment determines the refractive index of liquids by measuring how they bend light through a prism. A spectrometer is used to record the angle of refraction and the wavelength of light, enabling precise calculations.

Key steps:

• Pass a beam of light through a liquid-filled prism and record the refracted beam's angle using a spectrometer.
• Note the wavelength of the light for each trial.
• Apply Snell’s Law to calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
• Repeat the process for multiple liquids to compare their optical properties.

6 - Investigating the effect of the number of turns on the strength of an electromagnet.

This experiment explores how the number of turns in an electromagnet’s coil influences its strength. By systematically varying the number of turns and measuring the resulting magnetic field or lifting power, the relationship between coil turns and magnetic strength can be quantified.

Key steps:

• Construct an electromagnet with an adjustable number of turns in the coil.
• Measure the magnetic field strength using a gaussmeter or determine lifting strength by observing the weight it can attract.
• Keep voltage, wire material, and wire diameter constant.
• Record and analyse the data to determine how the number of turns affects the electromagnet’s strength.

7 - How does the coefficient of kinetic friction between two surfaces vary with different types of materials?

This experiment investigates how the coefficient of kinetic friction changes when different material surfaces are tested. By measuring the force required to move a weight across each surface, the coefficient of kinetic friction can be calculated and compared.

Key steps:

• Place a standard weight on various material surfaces.
• Use a force sensor or spring scale to measure the force required to move the weight at a constant velocity.
• Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction by dividing the measured force by the normal force acting on the weight.
• Repeat the procedure for each material and compare results.

8 - Can the resistance of a wire be determined by measuring the potential difference across it?

This experiment calculates the resistance of a wire by plotting the relationship between the potential difference across it and the resulting current. The resistance is determined as the gradient of the voltage-current graph.

Key steps:

• Assemble a circuit with a power source, the test wire, a voltmeter, and an ammeter.
• Vary the potential difference by adjusting the power source and measure the corresponding current.
• Plot a graph of potential difference against current to determine the resistance (resistance is calculated as the gradient of the graph).
• Repeat the experiment with different wire lengths or materials for further analysis.

9 - Investigating the relationship between the current and voltage in a simple electrical circuit.

This experiment evaluates how current varies with voltage in a simple circuit, determining whether the relationship aligns with Ohm’s law. The circuit’s resistance can also be calculated for further insights.

Key steps:

• Set up a circuit with a power source, resistor, voltmeter, and ammeter.
• Adjust the power supply to vary the voltage and measure the resulting current.
• Plot the voltage-current data on a graph to examine the relationship and calculate resistance.
• Analyse if the relationship is linear or influenced by external factors like temperature.

10 - How does the mass of an object affect the gravitational force acting on it?

This experiment examines how the gravitational force acting on an object changes with its mass, validating the direct proportionality between mass and gravitational force.

Key steps:

• Use a calibrated scale to measure the gravitational force acting on objects of varying masses.
• Record the readings for at least five different masses.
• Ensure consistent conditions, such as conducting the experiment in the same location to avoid variations in gravitational acceleration.
• Plot a graph of mass versus gravitational force to illustrate the proportional relationship.

11 - Can the period of oscillation of a spring-mass system be determined using its length and mass?

This investigation explores how the period of oscillation in a spring-mass system depends on its length and mass. By measuring oscillation times and using the spring constant formula, the relationship can be thoroughly analysed.

Key steps:

• Measure the spring's length and attach a mass.
• Displace the mass and record the time for one complete oscillation.
• Repeat multiple trials to calculate an average period.
• Use the period to determine the spring constant, keeping all other factors constant.

12 - Investigating the relationship between the angle of projection and the range of a projectile.

This experiment examines how the angle of projection affects the range of a projectile. By launching a projectile at varying angles, the optimal angle for maximum range can be identified and the motion characterised.

Key steps:

• Launch a projectile at different angles, systematically varying the angle.
• Measure the range of the projectile using appropriate tools.
• Record and plot the data to identify trends and determine the angle that maximises range.
• Account for air resistance and other factors affecting accuracy.

13 - How does the density of a solid vary with different types of materials?

This experiment determines how the density of solids varies with material type. By using methods such as displacement and weighing, the density of various materials can be measured and compared.

Key steps:

• Select different materials, including metals, plastics, and natural substances.
• Measure mass and volume using precise tools to calculate density.
• Test using multiple methods, such as displacement and buoyancy, to ensure accuracy.
• Analyse results to identify trends or unique material properties.

14 - Can the work done on an object by a constant force be determined using a simple pulley system?

This investigation demonstrates how to calculate the work done on an object when lifted using a pulley system. The relationship between force, distance, and work is examined by testing various loads.

Key steps:

• Set up a pulley system with a known mass on one side.
• Measure the force required to lift an object and the height it is raised.
• Calculate work done by multiplying force by distance.
• Test with different masses to assess proportionality between force and work.

15 - Investigating the relationship between the mass and velocity of an object in a collision.

This experiment investigates how mass and velocity influence momentum during collisions. By calculating momentum before and after collisions, the conservation of momentum can be validated, and mass-velocity relationships explored.

Key steps:

• Conduct collisions between objects of varying masses and velocities.
• Measure initial and final velocities using motion sensors or cameras.
• Calculate momentum before and after collisions to confirm conservation laws.
• Analyse how changes in mass affect velocity and momentum transfer.

16 - Can the specific heat capacity of a metal be determined using a calorimeter?

This experiment investigates how to calculate the specific heat capacity of metals by measuring their effect on water temperature. Using a calorimeter, the heat exchange between the heated metal and the water is analysed to derive the specific heat capacity.

Key steps:

• Heat the metal to a known temperature and place it in water at a measured initial temperature.
• Record the water's final temperature after thermal equilibrium is reached.
• Calculate the specific heat capacity using the metal's mass, temperature change, and the heat absorbed by the water.
• Repeat the process with different metals for comparison.

17 - Investigating the effect of the length of a wire on its resistance.

This experiment explores how the resistance of a wire changes with its length. By testing wires of varying lengths in a circuit and measuring voltage and current, the relationship can be analysed using Ohm's law.

Key steps:

• Set up a circuit with a power source and a wire of adjustable length.
• Measure the voltage across the wire and the current in the circuit for each length.
• Calculate resistance for each wire length using R = V/I.
• Plot wire length against resistance to identify the relationship.

18 - Can the power output of a solar panel be determined at different light intensities?

This investigation determines how the power output of a solar panel is affected by varying light intensities. By controlling the light source distance, the intensity can be adjusted, and the power output measured.

Key steps:

• Position the solar panel at varying distances from a controlled light source.
• Measure the voltage and current output at each distance using a multimeter.
• Calculate the power output for each light intensity using the formula P = VI.
• Plot power output against light intensity to analyse the relationship.

19 - Investigating the relationship between the angle of attack and the lift generated by a wing.

This experiment examines how the angle of attack of a wing affects the lift it generates. Wind tunnel tests with adjustable wing angles and force sensors allow for precise measurements of lift under controlled conditions.

Key steps:

• Place a model wing in a wind tunnel and adjust its angle of attack incrementally.
• Measure the lift generated at each angle using a force sensor.
• Repeat the test with wings of different shapes to compare lift efficiency.
• Plot angle of attack against lift to determine the optimal angle.

20 - How does the acceleration due to gravity vary with different lengths of a simple pendulum?

This experiment uses pendulums of varying lengths to calculate the acceleration due to gravity. By timing the oscillations of each pendulum, the relationship between pendulum length and gravitational acceleration can be explored.

Key steps:

• Set pendulums of different lengths into motion and time several complete oscillations.
• Calculate the period of each pendulum and use it to find the acceleration due to gravity.
• Ensure consistent initial conditions, such as release angle and mass, for accuracy.
• Plot pendulum length against calculated gravity values to visualise trends.

21 - Can the Young's modulus of a metal wire be determined using a simple tensile testing apparatus?

This experiment explores how to calculate the Young’s modulus of a metal wire using a tensile testing apparatus. By measuring the force applied, the wire’s elongation, and its dimensions, the elastic properties of the material can be analysed.

Key steps:

• Attach a wire of known length and diameter to a tensile testing apparatus.
• Apply force gradually and record the elongation and applied force.
• Use the dimensions of the wire and the recorded data to calculate the Young's modulus.
• Repeat the procedure with multiple wires of the same material for accuracy.

22 - Investigating the effect of the number of turns on the frequency of an LC circuit.

This experiment examines how the number of turns in the inductor of an LC circuit affects its resonant frequency. By adjusting the inductance and capacitance, the relationship can be thoroughly analysed.

Key steps:

• Construct an LC circuit with a variable capacitor and fixed inductor.
• Record the resonant frequency for various capacitance values.
• Replace the inductor with coils of different turns and repeat the measurements.
• Analyse the relationship between the number of turns and the resonant frequency.

23 - How does the height of a ramp affect the speed of a rolling ball?

This experiment investigates how the height of a ramp influences the speed of a ball rolling down. By systematically varying the ramp height and measuring the speed, the relationship can be observed.

Key steps:

• Set up ramps of varying heights and release the ball from the top of each.
• Measure the time taken for the ball to reach the bottom to calculate speed.
• Ensure consistent conditions such as ball mass, ramp surface, and incline angle.
• Plot ramp height against speed to identify trends.

24 - Can the efficiency of a motor be determined using a dynamometer?

This investigation calculates the efficiency of a motor by measuring its power output under different speeds and loads using a dynamometer. The data can provide insights into motor performance and optimisation.

Key steps:

• Connect the motor to a dynamometer and apply varying loads and speeds.
• Measure the input power and output power at each setting to calculate efficiency.
• Compare efficiency across different load conditions.
• Use the results to evaluate or optimise motor performance.

25 - Investigating the effect of the diameter of a tube on the rate of flow of a fluid.

This experiment explores the relationship between the diameter of a tube and the flow rate of a fluid. By measuring flow rates across tubes of varying diameters, the impact of tube size can be determined.

Key steps:

• Set up tubes of different diameters and allow a fluid of known viscosity to flow through them.
• Measure the time taken for a fixed volume of fluid to pass through each tube.
• Control external factors such as temperature and pressure.
• Analyse how tube diameter influences flow rate and plot the results.

26 - How does the temperature of a liquid affect its viscosity?

This experiment examines how a liquid's viscosity changes with temperature. By systematically increasing the temperature and measuring the time taken for a ball bearing to fall through the liquid or using a viscometer, the relationship can be explored.

Key steps:

• Heat the liquid incrementally and record its temperature.
• Measure viscosity using a viscometer or the time for a ball bearing to pass through.
• Keep variables like liquid type and heating rate consistent.
• Plot temperature against viscosity to identify trends.

27 - Can the distance between two charges affect the electrostatic force between them?

This experiment investigates how the electrostatic force between two charges changes with their separation. Using a Coulomb balance or similar device, the relationship between distance and force can be evaluated.

Key steps:

• Place two charged objects at varying distances while keeping the charge magnitudes constant.
• Measure the electrostatic force at each distance using appropriate equipment.
• Plot the data to examine if it follows the inverse square law.
• Repeat for accuracy and control environmental factors.

28 - Investigating the relationship between the radius of a wheel and the torque required to turn it.

This investigation analyses how the radius of a wheel influences the torque required to turn it. By using a dynamometer to measure torque and systematically varying wheel radius, the relationship can be determined.

Key steps:

• Set up an apparatus with interchangeable wheels of varying radii.
• Measure the torque required to turn each wheel using a dynamometer.
• Repeat measurements for reliability and ensure other variables remain constant.
• Plot radius against torque and calculate the trend for analysis.

29 - Can the speed of light be determined using a Michelson interferometer?

This experiment calculates the speed of light by measuring interference patterns created by a Michelson interferometer. Changes in mirror positions and their impact on interference patterns allow for precise calculation.

Key steps:

• Set up a Michelson interferometer with a stationary and a movable mirror.
• Split a laser beam into two paths, recombine them, and observe the interference patterns.
• Move the mirror incrementally and measure the distance travelled versus pattern changes.
• Calculate the speed of light from the recorded data and repeat for accuracy.

30 - How does the distance between a light source and a photodiode affect the amount of current generated?

This experiment explores how the current generated by a photodiode changes with its distance from a light source. By varying the distance and measuring the resulting current, the relationship can be analysed.

Key steps:

• Position the photodiode at varying distances from the light source.
• Measure the current generated at each distance using a multimeter.
• Ensure consistent conditions such as light intensity and angle.
• Plot distance against current to identify correlations and trends.

31 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the strength and stiffness of structures.

This experiment evaluates how different materials, such as wood, metal, and plastic, influence the strength and stiffness of structures. By subjecting structures to controlled loads, the deformation and breaking points are compared to identify the most robust material for specific applications.

Key steps:

• Construct structures of identical size and shape using various materials.
• Apply a uniform load or force and measure deformation or failure points.
• Maintain consistent variables, including structure dimensions and force type.
• Analyse and compare results to determine material suitability.

32 - How does the angle of incidence affect the angle of refraction in a prism?

This investigation explores how the angle at which light enters a prism (angle of incidence) impacts the angle of refraction. By systematically varying the incidence angle and measuring refraction, the relationship can be quantified.

Key steps:

• Direct a light beam at a prism and vary the angle of incidence.
• Measure the angle of refraction for each incidence angle using a protractor.
• Repeat for several angles and plot incidence versus refraction on a graph.
• Analyse the data to identify trends and validate refraction laws.

33 - Investigating the effects of different types of lenses on the focal length and magnification of an optical system.

This experiment examines how different lens types influence the focal length and magnification in an optical system. By adjusting lens placement and measuring image size, the properties of each lens can be assessed.

Key steps:

• Use lenses of different types in an optical system with a light source and screen.
• Adjust the distance between the lens and screen to find the focal length.
• Measure and calculate magnification for each lens type.
• Compare results to evaluate the effects of lens design on optical performance.

34 - How does the wavelength of light affect the diffraction pattern in a double-slit experiment?

This experiment studies how the wavelength of light affects the diffraction pattern produced in a double-slit setup. Changes in the fringe spacing and brightness are analysed to understand the relationship between wavelength and diffraction.

Key steps:

• Set up a double-slit apparatus with a monochromatic light source.
• Vary the wavelength of light and observe changes in the diffraction pattern.
• Record slit separation, screen distance, and fringe positions for each wavelength.
• Plot graphs to illustrate the correlation between wavelength and fringe spacing.

35 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the elasticity and deformation of solids.

This investigation compares the elasticity and deformation properties of materials like rubber, plastic, and metal. By applying forces and measuring stress and strain, the mechanical properties of each material can be evaluated.

Key steps:

• Apply controlled forces to different materials and measure deformation.
• Calculate stress and strain under varying conditions.
• Use graphs to compare elasticity and deformation across materials.
• Identify the strengths and weaknesses of each material based on the results.

36 - How does the mass of an object affect its period of oscillation in a pendulum?

This experiment explores whether the mass of a pendulum affects its period of oscillation. By systematically varying the mass while keeping length and release angle constant, the relationship between mass and period can be evaluated.

Key steps:

• Attach different masses to a pendulum of fixed length.
• Time the period of oscillation over multiple cycles for each mass.
• Ensure consistent conditions, such as release angle and pendulum string length.
• Analyse the data and plot mass against the period of oscillation.

37 - Investigating the effects of different types of forces on the motion and acceleration of objects.

This experiment examines how different forces, such as gravity, friction, and air resistance, influence the motion and acceleration of objects. By testing various forces on objects of different masses and shapes, their effects can be quantified.

Key steps:

• Use motion sensors or timing tools to measure acceleration under different forces.
• Test gravity, friction, and air resistance using varied object shapes and masses.
• Record and compare acceleration data for each force.
• Create graphs or tables to summarise the results and identify trends.

38 - How does the length of a string affect the frequency and wavelength of standing waves?

This experiment explores how the length of a vibrating string affects the frequency and wavelength of standing waves. By adjusting the string length and measuring the resulting standing waves, the relationship between these variables can be identified.

Key steps:

• Attach a string to a fixed point and set it into vibration.
• Measure the frequency using a frequency meter and wavelength using a ruler.
• Adjust the string length and repeat measurements.
• Plot string length against frequency and wavelength to analyse the relationship.

39 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the thermal conductivity and heat transfer of substances.

This investigation evaluates how different materials impact heat transfer rates and thermal conductivity. By applying heat to one side of various materials and measuring the temperature change on the other side, the effectiveness of heat transfer can be determined.

Key steps:

• Use materials such as metals, plastics, and ceramics in uniform shapes and thicknesses.
• Measure temperature changes on the opposite side of the heat source.
• Calculate heat transfer rates based on temperature differences and material properties.
• Compare results to determine which materials transfer heat most efficiently.

40 - How does the angle of incidence affect the polarization of light in a polarizing filter?

This experiment studies how varying the angle of incidence of light on a polarising filter affects light polarisation. By measuring transmitted light intensity at different angles, the relationship can be assessed and compared across filter types.

Key steps:

• Pass light through a polarising filter and adjust the angle of incidence.
• Measure transmitted light intensity using a light meter at each angle.
• Repeat with different polarising filters to compare results.
• Plot angle of incidence against light intensity to visualise changes in polarisation.

41 - Investigating the effects of different types of fluids on the buoyant force and Archimedes' principle.

This experiment examines how the buoyant force on an object varies across different fluids. By measuring the weight of an object submerged in fluids like water, oil, or syrup and comparing the results, Archimedes' principle can be validated and the relationship between fluid density and buoyancy explored.

Key steps:

• Measure the weight of an object in air and fully submerged in various fluids.
• Calculate the buoyant force as the difference between the two weights.
• Repeat the process with objects of different shapes and sizes.
• Compare the buoyant force across fluids to demonstrate Archimedes' principle.

42 - How does the angle of incidence affect the reflection and transmission of light in a thin film interference experiment?

This investigation studies how the angle of incidence influences the reflection and transmission of light in a thin film. By recording interference patterns at varying angles, the behaviour of light in thin films can be analysed.

Key steps:

• Direct a light source at a thin film and vary the angle of incidence.
• Measure the intensity of reflected and transmitted light at each angle.
• Repeat with different types of thin films to compare interference patterns.
• Plot incidence angle against light intensity to identify trends.

43 - Investigating the effects of different types of springs on the elastic potential energy and work done in a system.

This experiment explores how different springs affect the amount of elastic potential energy stored and the work done in a system. By compressing or stretching springs and measuring their displacement, the spring constant can be determined and used to calculate the energy stored and work done.

Key steps:

• Compress or stretch springs of various types and measure the displacement for each.
• Determine the spring constant by recording the force applied and the resulting displacement.
• Calculate the elastic potential energy using the formula: elastic potential energy = 0.5 × spring constant × displacement squared.
• Compare the energy stored and work done across the different spring types.

44 - How does the voltage affect the current and resistance in a circuit with a fixed resistance?

This experiment explores the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit with a fixed resistor. By varying voltage and measuring the resulting current, Ohm’s law can be validated, and the behaviour of the circuit examined.

Key steps:

• Set up a circuit with a fixed resistor and a variable voltage source.
• Measure current at different voltage levels and calculate resistance using Ohm’s law.
• Plot voltage against current to verify the linear relationship.
• Analyse how voltage affects circuit behaviour and resistance consistency.

45 - Investigating the effects of different types of magnets on the magnetic field and induction of a system.

This investigation assesses how different types of magnets influence the magnetic field and induction in a system. By testing magnets like neodymium, ferrite, and alnico in a coil setup, the impact of magnetic properties on induction can be compared.

Key steps:

• Measure the magnetic field and induced voltage for each magnet type using a coil.
• Keep variables such as distance, orientation, and current constant.
• Record and compare data for different magnets to analyse their effects.
• Identify which magnets produce the strongest field and greatest induction.

46 - How does the radius of curvature affect the focal length and magnification of a concave mirror?

This experiment examines how the radius of curvature of a concave mirror influences its focal length and magnification. By using mirrors with varying radii to focus light onto a screen, the distances and image characteristics can be analysed to identify trends.

Key steps:

• Use concave mirrors with different radii of curvature to focus light from a distant object onto a screen.
• Measure the focal length by recording the distance between the mirror and the focused image.
• Record the size and orientation of the image for each mirror.
• Compare the data to evaluate the relationship between curvature, focal length, and magnification.

47 - Investigating the effects of different types of gases on the speed of sound and acoustic properties of a medium.

This experiment studies how different gases affect the speed of sound and acoustic properties within a medium. By introducing gases into a controlled environment and measuring sound propagation, the influence of gas properties can be assessed.

Key steps:

• Introduce different gases into a controlled medium (e.g., air or water).
• Measure the speed of sound and acoustic properties using specialised equipment.
• Ensure consistent temperature and pressure conditions for accuracy.
• Analyse and compare the data to identify significant differences and trends.

48 - How does the angle of incidence affect the diffraction of light in a grating experiment?

This investigation explores how the angle of incidence of light on a diffraction grating affects the resulting diffraction pattern. By measuring the intensity and position of diffraction peaks, the relationship between incidence angle and light diffraction can be determined.

Key steps:

• Direct light of a fixed wavelength onto a diffraction grating at varying angles of incidence.
• Measure the diffraction pattern's intensity and peak positions using a screen or photodiode.
• Repeat the experiment with different wavelengths for additional analysis.
• Plot incidence angle against diffraction results to identify trends.

49 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the electrical conductivity and resistivity of substances.

This experiment evaluates the electrical conductivity and resistivity of various materials by measuring their performance in a circuit. Using measured resistance and current values, the materials' properties can be compared.

Key steps:

• Insert different materials into a circuit as conductors.
• Measure resistance and current using a multimeter.
• Calculate conductivity and resistivity based on Ohm’s law.
• Compare results to identify materials with the highest and lowest conductivity.

50 - How does the length of a wire affect the resistance and current in a circuit with a fixed voltage?

This experiment examines how varying the length of a wire in a circuit affects its resistance and the current flowing through it. By analysing measurements at different lengths, the relationship between wire length, resistance, and current can be quantified.

Key steps:

• Set up a circuit with a fixed voltage source and a wire of adjustable length.
• Measure the current and voltage across the resistor for each wire length.
• Plot resistance against wire length to find the resistance per unit length.
• Use Ohm’s law to calculate current and analyse the relationship between variables.

51 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the refractive index and critical angle of substances.

This experiment examines how different materials, such as glass, plastic, and water, affect their refractive index and critical angle. By shining light at various angles through these materials and measuring the resulting refraction and reflection, the relationship between material type and optical properties can be explored.

Key steps:

• Shine light at different angles through materials like glass, plastic, and water.
• Measure the angles of refraction and reflection to calculate the refractive index.
• Determine the critical angle by increasing the angle of incidence until total internal reflection occurs.
• Compare results across materials to identify patterns.

52 - How does the length of a resistor affect the current and voltage in a circuit with a fixed resistance?

This experiment explores how changing the length of a resistor in a circuit affects the current and voltage. By measuring these parameters with a variable resistor, the relationship between resistor length and circuit behaviour can be analysed.

Key steps:

• Set up a circuit with a power source, a variable resistor, a voltmeter, and an ammeter.
• Vary the resistor length and record the voltage and current at each length.
• Plot the data to examine trends in current and voltage.
• Analyse the results to evaluate the impact of resistor length on the circuit.

53 - Investigating the effects of different types of forces on the torque and rotational motion of objects.

This experiment evaluates how different forces, such as friction, gravity, and tension, influence torque and rotational motion. By applying these forces to objects of various shapes and masses, their rotational properties can be examined.

Key steps:

• Apply forces like tension or gravity to objects with different shapes and masses.
• Measure torque and rotational motion using sensors.
• Calculate quantities such as moment of inertia and angular acceleration.
• Plot data to determine the effects of each force on torque and motion.

54 - How does the radius of curvature affect the focal length and magnification of a convex lens?

This investigation assesses how the radius of curvature of convex lenses influences their focal length and magnification. Using lenses with different radii, the data collected can reveal the relationship between these optical properties.

Key steps:

• Test convex lenses with varying radii of curvature.
• Measure the focal length by recording the distance between the lens and focused image.
• Calculate magnification by comparing the image and object sizes.
• Plot data to visualise how curvature impacts focal length and magnification.

55 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the thermal expansion and contraction of substances.

This experiment examines how different materials expand or contract when exposed to temperature changes. By measuring dimensional changes in metals, plastics, and ceramics over a controlled temperature range, their thermal properties can be compared.

Key steps:

• Expose materials to a controlled range of temperatures.
• Measure expansion and contraction using a ruler or similar tool.
• Record and graph results to compare material behaviours.
• Analyse how material type affects thermal responsiveness.

56 - How does the angle of incidence affect the diffraction of sound in a single-slit experiment?

This experiment explores how the angle of incidence of sound waves affects the diffraction pattern produced in a single-slit setup. By systematically varying the angle and measuring the sound intensity at different points, the relationship between incidence angle and diffraction can be analysed and compared with theoretical predictions.

Key steps:

• Use a sound source and detector positioned on opposite sides of a single slit.
• Vary the angle of incidence of the sound waves and measure the intensity at different angles.
• Calculate the theoretical diffraction pattern using the wavelength of sound and slit dimensions.
• Plot and compare the experimental and theoretical results.

57 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis of substances.

This experiment analyses how different materials, such as iron, copper, and aluminium, behave in terms of magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis. By testing materials in various forms, their response to magnetisation and their ability to retain magnetic properties can be evaluated.

Key steps:

• Measure magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis of materials using a magnetometer.
• Test materials in solid and powdered forms to assess the effect of physical state.
• Compare results to identify materials with the highest and lowest susceptibility and hysteresis.
• Analyse any correlation between the two properties.

58 - How does the length of a tube affect the resonance frequency and wavelength of a standing wave?

This investigation explores how the length of a tube influences the resonance frequency and wavelength of standing waves within it. By creating waves in tubes of varying lengths, the relationship between these properties can be examined.

Key steps:

• Use tubes of different lengths filled with air or water.
• Create standing waves using a sound source, such as a tuning fork.
• Measure resonance frequency and wavelength for each tube length.
• Plot the data to identify trends and relationships between tube length, frequency, and wavelength.

59 - Investigating the effects of different types of materials on the capacitance and charge of a system.

This experiment examines how different materials used in a capacitor affect the capacitance and charge in an electrical circuit. By replacing the capacitor with materials such as metal plates or dielectrics, the influence on electrical properties can be quantified.

Key steps:

• Set up a circuit with a capacitor and resistor and measure capacitance and charge.
• Replace the capacitor with various materials and repeat the measurements.
• Compare the capacitance and charge across different materials.
• Analyse which materials enhance or diminish these properties.

60 - How does the angle of incidence affect the interference pattern in a Michelson interferometer experiment?

This experiment studies how varying the angle of incidence in a Michelson interferometer affects the resulting interference pattern. By analysing fringe spacing and intensity, the relationship between angle of incidence and interference can be quantified.

Key steps:

• Set up a Michelson interferometer with a fixed light wavelength.
• Adjust the angle of incidence and observe the resulting interference pattern.
• Measure the spacing between interference fringes for each angle.
• Plot the relationship between incidence angle and fringe spacing to draw conclusions.

Remember to come up with your own original IA topic and check it with your teacher. It should be practical to conduct and relevant to the syllabus. This is a great opportunity to develop your personal interests, while advancing your knowledge of the Physics curriculum.

TutorChase's IB Physics Study Notes, including our comprehensive IB Physics Q&A Revision Notes, are the perfect resource for students who want to get a 7 in their IB Physics exams and also prepare for the internal assessment. They are completely free, cover all topics in depth, and are structured by topic so you can easily keep track of your progress. TutorChase can also connect you with a great online tutor that can guide you along every step of your IB.

What should the IA contain?

The IA must be an experimental investigation that is related to the IB Physics syllabus. The investigation must be conducted by the student, with minimal assistance from the teacher. The investigation must be based on a research question or hypothesis that is testable and relevant to the physics syllabus. The IA should be written in clear and concise language and follow a logical structure.

Title page: This should include the title of the investigation, the student's name, and the date of submission.

Research question or hypothesis: This should be a clear and focused statement that describes the goal of the investigation.

Background information: This should provide relevant context and theoretical background for the investigation. It should include a discussion of the relevant physics concepts and any previous research that is related to the investigation.

Methodology: This should describe the procedures used to conduct the investigation, including the materials and equipment used, the experimental design, and any safety precautions taken.

Data collection and processing: This should include a detailed account of the data collected during the investigation, including raw data and processed data. The data should be presented in clear and organized tables and/or graphs.

Analysis and evaluation: This should include a thorough analysis of the data, including the identification of patterns and trends. The student should also draw conclusions based on the data and evaluate the results in relation to the research question or hypothesis.

Conclusion and evaluation: This should include a summary of the main findings of the investigation and an evaluation of the experiment's limitations and uncertainties. The student should also suggest ways in which the investigation could be improved or extended.

References: This should include a list of any sources cited in the report, including any primary and secondary sources used in the background information section.

Appendices: This should include any additional information or data that is not included in the main report but is relevant to the investigation.

How can I do well in the IA?

To prepare for the IA, students should ensure that they understand the material covered in their Physics course and should practice writing lab reports. They should also seek feedback from their teachers and from expert IB tutors on their writing skills and their understanding of the research process. They should also utilise the best IB Physics resources available.

Before starting the IA, students should also familiarize themselves with the assessment criteria and the guidelines provided by the IB. This will allow them to show their full potential and achieve the highest mark possible. It's important for students to be familiar with the assessment criteria for the Physics internal assessment. Students should make sure that their report is well-written and properly formatted, and that it includes all the required sections.

The assessment criteria for the IB Physics Internal Assessment (IA) include the following:

Personal engagement: This criterion focuses on the student's level of personal engagement with the exploration. Students should demonstrate independent thinking and creativity, and show that the research question or topic is linked to something of personal significance or interest. They should also show initiative in implementing the investigation. (2 marks)

Exploration: This criterion assesses the student's ability to identify a relevant and fully-focused research question, and to explore it with appropriate background information and methodology. Students should also consider the safety, ethical, or environmental issues that are relevant to the methodology. (6 marks)

Analysis: This criterion assesses the student's ability to analyze data and draw conclusions. Students should demonstrate that they have used appropriate techniques to process and present data, and that they have identified patterns and trends in the data. The report should include both quantitative and qualitative data that supports a detailed and valid conclusion, following appropriate data processing. (6 marks)

Evaluation: This criterion assesses the student's understanding of the limitations and uncertainties of their investigation. Students should critically evaluate their methodology and results, and suggest ways in which the investigation could be improved or extended. (6 marks)

Communication: This criterion focuses on the student's ability to present the investigation clearly, with an effective structure, concise writing, and appropriate use of subject-specific terminology. (4 marks)

How is the IA graded?

The IA is worth 20% of the final grade for the IB Physics course, whether you are studying at Higher or at Standard Level. This applies for assessments both before and after May 2025. It is graded by the student’s teacher, who is trained and certified by the International Baccalaureate organization. The report is then sent to a moderator, who will check that the report adheres to the IB guidelines and that the grade awarded is appropriate.

Source: IB Physics Subject Brief, pre-May 2025

Conclusion

In summary, the IA in the IB is an opportunity for students to demonstrate their understanding of the Physics curriculum, as well as their ability to conduct independent research. It consists of a laboratory report and a reflective statement, and is worth 20% of the final grade for the course. To prepare for the assessment, students should ensure that they understand the material covered in their IB Physics course, practice writing lab reports, and seek feedback from their teachers.