Question 1
Which cells are primarily responsible for the activation of B lymphocytes in mammals?
A. Macrophages
B. T lymphocytes
C. Plasma cells
D. Memory cells
Question 2
What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune response?
A. Activation of B lymphocytes
B. Destruction of pathogens
C. Production of histamines
D. Formation of memory cells
Question 3
Which of the following statements about vaccines is correct?
A. Vaccines contain live pathogens to induce immunity.
B. Vaccines work by suppressing the immune system.
C. Vaccines introduce a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response.
D. Vaccines create memory cells without activating B lymphocytes.
Question 4
What is the role of histamines in allergic responses?
A. Suppression of immune response
B. Activation of T lymphocytes
C. Dilation of blood vessels and increase in permeability
D. Production of antibodies
Question 5
How are hybridoma cells utilised in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
A. By activating B lymphocytes
B. By fusing with memory cells
C. By fusing a B lymphocyte with a myeloma cell
D. By introducing antigens to plasma cells
Question 6
a) Explain the concept of unique molecules on cell surfaces and how they contribute to immune responses. [3]
b) Discuss the role of antibodies in the identification and destruction of pathogens. [4]
Question 7
a) Describe the activation of B lymphocytes by T lymphocytes in mammals and its significance in immune responses. [4]
b) Explain how the formation of plasma cells and memory cells from activated B cells contributes to immunity. [3]
Question 8
a) Discuss the principles of how vaccines work and their role in providing immunity against infectious diseases. [4]
b) Explain the correlation between the length of the loop of Henle and the need for water conservation in animals. [3]
Question 9
a) Discuss the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers and their strategies in maintaining internal balance. [3]
b) Explain the role of the Malpighian tubule system in insects in osmoregulation and nitrogenous waste removal. [4]
c) How does the composition of blood differ between the renal artery and the renal vein? [2]
Question 10
a) Describe the ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule and explain their role in ultrafiltration. [4]
b) Discuss the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in the selective reabsorption of useful substances. [3]
c) How does the loop of Henle maintain hypertonic conditions in the medulla? [2]