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AP Psychology

Study Notes
1.1.1 Origins of Psychology
1.1.2 Early Theoretical Perspectives
1.1.3 Pioneers in Psychology: Part 1
1.1.4 Pioneers in Psychology: Part 2
1.1.5 Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives
1.1.6 Additional Pioneers and Theories
1.1.7 Applying Psychological Theories
1.1.8 Domains of Psychology
1.2.1 Experiments
1.2.2 Correlational Studies
1.2.3 Survey Research
1.2.4 Naturalistic Observations
1.2.5 Case Studies
1.2.6 Longitudinal Studies
1.2.7 Cross-Sectional Studies
1.2.8 Operational Definitions and Measurement
1.3.1 Understanding Variables in Experiments
1.3.2 Establishing Cause and Effect
1.3.3 Importance of Random Assignment
1.3.4 Correlational Research Limitations
1.3.5 Research Design and Conclusions
1.4.1 Evaluating Research Design
1.4.2 Impact of Research Method on Validity
1.4.3 Confounding Variables and Research Validity
1.5.1 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency
1.5.2 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Variation
1.5.3 Correlation and Correlation Coefficient
1.5.4 Frequency Distributions
1.5.5 Purposes of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
2.1.1 Psychology’s Interest in Heredity and Environment
2.1.2 Contributions of Charles Darwin
2.1.3 Key Scientific Contributions in Heredity and Environment
2.1.4 Adaptive Value of Traits and Behaviors
2.2.1 Impact of the Endocrine System on Behavior
2.3.1 The Nervous System and its Subdivisions
2.3.2 Anatomy of a Neuron
2.4.1 Process of Neural Transmission
2.5.1 Drugs and Reuptake Mechanisms
2.5.2 Agonists and Their Effects
2.5.3 Antagonists and Their Effects
2.6.1 Major Brain Regions
2.6.2 Lobes of the Brain
2.6.3 Cortical Areas
2.6.4 Brain Lateralization and Hemispheric Specialization
2.6.5 Contributions of Paul Broca
2.6.6 Contributions of Carl Wernicke
2.7.1 Case Studies: In-Depth Analysis
2.7.2 Split-Brain Research: Insights into Lateralization
2.7.3 Advanced Imaging Techniques: A Window into the Brain
2.7.4 Lesioning Techniques: Studying Brain Function
2.7.5 Utilizing Autopsy in Brain Science
2.7.6 Roger Sperry's Groundbreaking Work
2.8.1 Neuroplasticity and Brain Injury
2.8.2 Contributions to Neuroplasticity Research
2.8.3 States of Consciousness
2.8.4 Psychoactive Drug Categories
2.8.5 Drug Dependence and Addiction
2.8.6 Contributions to Consciousness Research
2.9.1 Stages of the Sleep Cycle
2.9.2 Theories of Sleep and Dreaming
2.9.3 Sleep Disorders
3.1.1 Gestalt Principles in Perception
3.1.2 Depth Perception Mechanisms
3.1.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
3.1.4 Sensory Transduction and Perception Thresholds
3.1.5 Historical Contributions to Sensation Study
3.2.1 Influence of Experience and Culture on Perception
3.2.2 The Role of Attention in Perception
3.3.1 The Vision Process and Energy Transduction
3.3.2 Anatomical Structures in Vision
3.3.3 Theories of Color Vision
3.3.4 Visual and Hearing Impairments
3.3.5 Synesthesia: A Sensory Condition
3.4.1 Role of Top-Down Processing in Visual Perception
3.5.1 The Hearing Process and Energy Transduction
3.6.1 The Process of Taste (Gustation)
3.6.2 The Process of Smell (Olfaction)
3.7.1 The Sense of Touch
3.7.2 The Sense of Pain
3.7.3 The Vestibular Sense
3.7.4 The Kinesthetic Sense
4.1.1 Key Researchers and Their Contributions
4.1.2 Analyzing Learning Experiment Data
4.1.3 Varieties of Learning: Insight, Latent, and Social
4.1.4 Learning Principles in Various Contexts
4.1.5 Biological Influences on Learning
4.2.1 Fundamentals of Classical Conditioning
4.2.2 Acquisition
4.2.3 Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
4.2.4 Generalization and Discrimination
4.2.5 Higher-Order Conditioning
4.2.6 Understanding Contingencies
4.2.7 Differentiating Learning Types
4.3.1 Basics of Operant Conditioning
4.3.2 Positive Reinforcement
4.3.3 Negative Reinforcement
4.3.4 Positive Punishment
4.3.5 Negative Punishment
4.3.6 Schedules of Reinforcement
4.3.7 Factors Influencing Learning Quality
4.4.1 Behavior Modification Techniques
4.4.2 Biofeedback and Learning
4.4.3 Coping Strategies for Behavioral Management
4.4.4 Developing Self-Control
5.1.1 Processing in Memory: Effortful vs. Automatic
5.1.2 Depth of Processing: Deep vs. Shallow
5.1.3 Attention in Memory: Selective vs. Divided
5.1.4 Metacognition and Memory
5.1.5 Memory Systems: Types and Functions
5.1.6 Influential Researchers in Memory
5.2.1 Principles of Memory Construction and Encoding
5.3.1 Principles of Memory Storage
5.4.1 Memory Retrieval Strategies
5.5.1 Memory Improvement Strategies
5.5.2 Understanding Forgetting
5.5.3 Typical Memory Errors
5.6.1 Psychological Systems of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
5.6.2 Physiological Systems of Memory
5.7.1 Problem-Solving Strategies
5.7.2 Factors Influencing Problem Solving
5.7.3 Characteristics of Creative Thought
5.7.4 Creative Thinkers
5.8.1 Cognitive Biases in Decision Making
5.8.2 Problem-Solving Strategies and Their Limitations
5.8.3 Factors Contributing to Cognitive Bias
5.9.1 Defining Intelligence
5.9.2 Intelligence Measurement Approaches
5.9.3 Cultural Influences on Intelligence
5.9.4 Comparative Analysis of Intelligence Theories
5.9.5 Key Contributors in Intelligence Research
5.10.1 Convergence of Factors in Language Acquisition
5.10.2 Theories and Stages of Language Development
5.10.3 Debate on Culture-Fair Testing Practices
6.1.1 Conception and Early Development
6.1.2 Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
6.1.3 Nature, Nurture, and Physical Growth
6.1.4 Motor Skill Development in Childhood
6.1.5 Role of Maturation in Development
6.2.1 Influence of Temperament on Social Development
6.2.2 Attachment Theories and Styles
6.2.3 Contributions of Developmental Psychologists
6.2.4 Nature and Nurture in Socialization
6.2.5 Parenting Styles
6.3.1 Maturation of Cognitive Abilities
6.3.2 Contributions of Jean Piaget
6.3.3 Contributions of Lev Vygotsky
6.4.1 Maturational Challenges in Adolescence
6.4.2 Adolescent Family Conflicts
6.5.1 Development of Intimacy in Adulthood
6.5.2 Physical and Cognitive Changes in Lifespan
6.5.3 Contributions of Erik Erikson
6.6.1 Overview of Moral Development Theories
6.6.2 Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
6.6.3 Carol Gilligan's Perspective on Moral Development
6.6.4 Comparative Analysis of Moral Development Models
6.6.5 Application and Critique of Moral Development Theories
6.7.1 Influence of Sex and Gender on Socialization
6.7.2 Gender Development Across the Lifespan
6.7.3 Sexual Orientation and Identity
7.1.1 Fundamental Concepts in Motivation
7.1.2 Analysis of Motivational Theories
7.1.3 Research on Specific Motivations
7.1.4 Influential Researchers in Motivation
7.2.1 Biological Basis of Needs and Drives
7.2.2 Homeostasis in Motivation
7.3.1 Foundations of Emotional Theories
7.3.2 Physiological-Based Theories of Emotion
7.3.3 Cognitive-Based Theories of Emotion
7.3.4 Evolutionary Perspectives on Emotion
7.3.5 Cultural Dimensions of Emotional Expression
7.4.1 Theories of Stress
7.4.2 Effects of Stress on Well-being
7.4.3 Unhealthy Behaviors and Stress
7.4.4 Coping Mechanisms for Stress
7.5.1 Exploring Personality Research Techniques
7.5.2 Theoretical Foundations of Personality
7.5.3 Influential Theorists and Their Contributions
7.5.4 Application of Personality Theories
7.6.1 Overview of Psychoanalytic Theories
7.6.2 Comparison with Other Personality Theories
7.7.1 Behaviorist Theories of Personality
7.7.2 Social Cognitive Theories of Personality
7.7.3 Contrast with Other Theories
7.8.1 Overview of Humanistic Theories of Personality
7.8.2 Comparison with Other Personality Theories
7.8.3 Cultural Influences on Personality Development
7.9.1 Comparing Trait Theories with Other Personality Theories
8.1.1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
8.1.2 Historical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
8.1.3 Psychology's Intersection with the Legal System
8.1.4 Contemporary Views on Psychological Disorders
8.2.1 Approaches to Explaining Psychological Disorders
8.2.2 The Rosenhan Study: Implications and Critiques
8.2.3 Diagnostic Labels: Pros and Cons
8.3.1 Neurodevelopmental Disorders
8.3.2 Neurocognitive Disorders
8.3.3 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
8.4.1 Anxiety Disorders
8.4.2 Bipolar and Related Disorders
8.4.3 Depressive Disorders
8.4.4 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
8.5.1 Dissociative Disorders
8.5.2 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
8.5.3 Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
8.6.1 Feeding and Eating Disorders
8.6.2 Substance and Addictive Disorders
8.6.3 Personality Disorders
8.7.1 Central Characteristics of Psychotherapeutic Interventions
8.7.2 Contributions of Aaron Beck
8.7.3 Contributions of Albert Ellis
8.7.4 Contributions of Sigmund Freud
8.7.5 Contributions of Mary Cover Jones
8.7.6 Contributions of Carl Rogers
8.7.7 Contributions of B.F. Skinner
8.7.8 Contributions of Joseph Wolpe
8.8.1 Major Treatment Orientations
8.8.2 Effectiveness of Specific Treatments
8.8.3 Cultural and Ethnic Influences on Treatment
8.8.4 Prevention and Resilience Strategies
8.9.1 Biological Treatments for Psychological Disorders
8.9.2 Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy
8.9.3 Evaluation of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Other Neurological Interventions
8.10.1 Individual vs. Group Therapy
8.10.2 Rational-Emotive vs. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Methods
8.10.3 Client-Centered and Cognitive Methods
8.10.4 Behavioral and Sociocultural Methods
8.10.5 Biopsychosocial vs. Cognitive-Behavioral Methods
9.1.1 Fundamentals of Attribution Theory
9.1.2 Common Biases in Attribution
9.1.3 Impact of Social and Cultural Categories
9.1.4 The Role of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
9.2.1 Key Figures in Attitude Research
9.2.2 Persuasion Strategies
9.2.3 Cognitive Dissonance Theory
9.2.4 The Elaboration Likelihood Model
9.3.1 Contributions of Key Researchers
9.3.2 Dynamics of Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
9.3.3 Groupthink and Authority Response
9.4.1 Bystander Effect and Social Facilitation/Inhibition
9.4.2 Group Polarization and Deindividuation
9.4.3 Diffusion of Responsibility and In-group/Out-group Bias
9.4.4 Social Norms, Traps, and Reciprocity
9.4.5 Game Theory, Conflict Resolution, and Superordinate Goals
9.5.1 In-group/Out-group Dynamics and Ethnocentrism
9.5.2 Understanding Prejudice and Bias
9.5.3 Discrimination and Scapegoat Theory
9.5.4 Stereotypes and Out-group Homogeneity Bias
9.5.5 Mere-exposure Effect
9.6.1 Factors Contributing to Altruism
9.6.2 Understanding Aggression
9.7.1 Factors Influencing Attraction

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