The Education System in Saudi Arabia Explained

The Saudi Arabian education system is characterised by a strong emphasis on religious studies, with a structured progression from primary to higher education. It’s a system shaped by the country’s cultural and Islamic values, while increasingly incorporating modern educational practices and technology into the modern Saudi educational system. How does this balance between tradition and modernity shape the learning experience in Saudi Arabia? What are the international education options in the country? Read on to find out.

Structure of the Education System in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia's educational system is organised into four main stages: Kindergarten, Primary Education, Secondary Education and Higher Education. Each stage has its own unique characteristics as elaborated below:

• Kindergarten (3 years): Kindergarten is optional but increasingly common among Saudi parents. Should they choose to do so, children would attend kindergarten from age three to six.
• Primary Education (6 years): Beginning at age six, primary education is compulsory and free in public schools. The curriculum focuses on basic literacy and numeracy, alongside strong emphasis on Islamic studies. According to the Saudi Ministry of Education, over 95% of children in this age group are enrolled in schoolwhich leads to the General Elementary Education Certificate.
• Secondary Education (6 years): After completing primary education, students move on to intermediate school, which is the first part of secondary education where students spend three years (grades 7 to 9) studying a general curriculum, leading to the Intermediate School Certificate. After the intermediate level, students move onto high school where they can choose between general secondary and technical schools. In the first year of general secondary school, students share a common curriculum. At the end of this year, they are divided into the scientific and literary tracks for the final two years. Students obtaining a score of 60% and above in all the first year subjects may choose between the literary and scientific track. Students obtaining a score of less than 60% must opt for the literary track. For students opting for technical education, their three years of high school (grades 10-12) would include options from industrial and commercial schools to agricultural schools.
• Assessment and University Selection: Secondary school students are assessed through a combination of continuous assessments and final exams. Their performance in the final year of secondary school, particularly in the Tawjihi (General Secondary Education Certificate Examination), is crucial for university admission. The results of this exam largely determine their eligibility for higher education programmes, with more competitive fields like medicine or engineering requiring higher scores.
• Higher Education: This stage includes undergraduate, master’s and doctoral programmes. Due to Saudi Arabia’s rapid expansion of its higher education sector, there are over 30 public universities and numerous private institutions for students to choose from. Consequently, the Kingdom has seen a dramatic increase in enrolment, with more than 1.6 million students in higher education as of 2023, according to UNESCO.

Structure of the Education System in Saudi Arabia

Kindergarten in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, kindergarten is the first stage of formal education for children, typically catering to ages 3 to 6. Kindergarten is not mandatory, but it is increasingly popular as parents recognise its importance in early childhood development.

Saudi kindergartens are divided into two levels: KG1 for children aged 3 to 4 and KG2 for those aged 5 to 6. These programmes focus on social, emotional, and cognitive development, preparing children for primary education. The curriculum often includes basic literacy and numeracy skills, Arabic language, Islamic teachings, and play-based learning activities that promote creativity and social skills.

In both public and private kindergartens, Islamic values are integrated into daily activities, with an emphasis on Quranic memorisation and moral education. Private kindergartens, particularly in larger cities, may offer bilingual or even international curricula, providing early exposure to English or other languages. The teaching methods are typically nurturing and supportive, with an emphasis on creating a positive and engaging learning environment.

Primary Education in Saudi Arabia

Primary education in Saudi Arabia, spanning grades 1 to 6, lays a critical foundation for students, with notable distinctions between public and private schools. Expatriate families often face challenges when enrolling their children in a government school, particularly due to language barriers and the predominance of Saudi-native students, which has led to the proliferation of private schools.

• Private vs. Public Schools: Public schools, where the majority of Saudi children are enrolled, are entirely funded by the government and adhere to a national curriculum. Private schools, on the other hand, offer a variety of curricula, including the International Baccalaureate (IB), British and American systems. These schools often feature superior facilities, smaller class sizes, and a more diverse subject offering.
• Curriculum and Subjects: In public primary schools, the curriculum places a strong emphasis on Islamic education, with students dedicating significant time to the study of the Quran and Islamic principles. This is complemented by subjects like Arabic, mathematics, science, and social studies. Private schools, while still incorporating Islamic studies, often provide more intensive English language instruction and may follow international curricula.
• Recent Reforms and Developments: As part of the Vision 2030 initiative, Saudi Arabia has introduced several reforms in primary education aimed at modernising the system. These reforms include the introduction of digital classrooms and the widespread use of tablets and educational software to enhance learning. For example, the “Tatweer” initiative focuses on improving teacher qualifications by offering advanced training in modern teaching methods, such as critical thinking and STEM education. Additionally, the curriculum is being updated to include more subjects that foster creativity and innovation, such as coding and robotics, in an effort to prepare students for future technological challenges.

Secondary Education in Saudi Arabia

Secondary education in Saudi Arabia, covering grades 7 to 12, is a pivotal stage where students begin to specialise in their studies, with distinct differences between public and private institutions.

• Private vs. Public Schools: Public secondary schools are free and widely attended, offering a standardised national curriculum. Private secondary schools, however, often provide alternative curricula, such as the British IGCSE or the American High School Diploma. These schools are preferred by families seeking an international education or more personalised learning environments.
• Curriculum and Subjects: In public schools, the curriculum continues to emphasise Islamic studies alongside core subjects like Arabic, mathematics, and sciences. Students also choose specialisations in science, arts, or vocational tracks. In private schools, while Islamic studies remain important, there is often a broader selection of elective subjects and advanced courses in areas like business, technology and foreign languages.
• Recent Reforms and Developments: As part of Saudi Vision 2030, reforms in secondary education focus on expanding vocational training options and integrating more technology into classrooms. Initiatives like the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC) are being strengthened to prepare students for the workforce with practical skills. Technical and vocational education is being integrated into the broader educational framework, with technical secondary institutes offering specialized training programs in fields such as industry, commerce and agriculture. This emphasis on vocational education aims to enhance skill development and better align education with job market needs.
• The Role of Tutoring: Tutoring plays a significant role in secondary education across both public and private schools, particularly for students preparing for critical exams like the Tawjihi (General Secondary Education Certificate), IGCSEs, A-Levels or SATs. In public schools, many families invest in private tutors to help students excel in key subjects such as mathematics, sciences, and English, aiming for higher scores that determine university admissions. In international schools, tutoring is equally important, with students often seeking additional support to meet the demands of rigorous curricula like the International Baccalaureate (IB) or Advanced Placement (AP) programmes. This trend is especially pronounced in urban areas, where competition for spots in top universities is intense.

Higher Education in Saudi Arabia

Higher education in Saudi Arabia is marked by a robust network of public and private universities, each playing a distinct role in the country’s academic landscape.

• Private vs. Public Universities: Public universities, such as King Saud University and King Abdulaziz University, dominate the higher education sector, offering free education to Saudi citizens. These institutions are known for their large enrolment numbers and extensive resources. Private universities, like Alfaisal University and Prince Sultan University, provide more specialised programmes and often collaborate with international institutions, attracting students seeking a more global education.
• Curriculum and Subjects: Saudi universities are renowned for disciplines such as engineering, medicine, and Islamic studies. Public universities emphasise Islamic education alongside secular subjects, ensuring students receive a well-rounded education. Research quality in Saudi institutions has improved significantly, with universities like King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) gaining global recognition for research in fields like nanotechnology and environmental science.
• Recent Reforms and Developments: Recent reforms, spurred by Vision 2030, focus on enhancing academic rigour and expanding research capabilities. The government is investing heavily in research centres and fostering partnerships with international universities to elevate the global standing of Saudi institutions. Additionally, there’s a growing emphasis on developing programmes in emerging fields like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and biotechnology to meet the needs of the future workforce.
• Competitiveness of University Programmes: Entry into prestigious programmes, especially in fields like medicine, engineering and business, is highly competitive. Acceptance rates can be low, with students needing top Tawjihi scores or equivalent qualifications to gain admission. Additionally, private universities often have rigorous entrance requirements, particularly for programmes that offer dual degrees or international partnerships.

As an IB tutor in Saudi Arabia said,

"Saudi universities, especially in engineering and medicine, offer world-class programmes. Tutoring is essential for students to meet the high academic standards and successfully compete for admission to these competitive institutions."

Gender Segregation in Schools and Universities

Gender segregation is a defining feature of Saudi Arabia’s education system, rooted in the country’s cultural and religious values.

• Segregation in Schools: In Saudi Arabia, boys and girls are educated separately from primary school through to university. This segregation is enforced across public schools, with separate facilities, curricula, and staff for male and female students. Even in coeducational private and international schools, gender segregation is often maintained in classrooms and activities, particularly from secondary school onwards.
• Higher Education: At the university level, segregation is also prevalent, with male and female students typically attending separate campuses or different areas of the same campus. However, recent reforms under Vision 2030 have introduced some mixed-gender initiatives, particularly in private universities and research settings, where collaboration between male and female students is increasingly encouraged.
• Impact on Education: While gender segregation is a traditional aspect of the Saudi education system, it has sparked debate about its impact on educational outcomes and social development. Critics argue that it may limit opportunities for women, particularly in fields like STEM, where access to resources and networking is crucial. However, supporters maintain that it aligns with cultural values and provides a focused learning environment for both genders.

International Education Options in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia offers a range of international education options, catering to the diverse expatriate community and local families seeking global curricula.

• International Schools and Curriculum: Numerous international schools and Saudi private schools across Saudi Arabia offer curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB), British A-Levels, and IGCSE. These schools, located mainly in cities like Riyadh, Jeddah and Dhahran, provide students with a global education, often taught by international staff. The structure and improvements of Saudi schools include a diverse curriculum aimed at preparing students for modern life while maintaining cultural and religious values. Given the international nature of Saudi cities, accessing specialised support is not difficult as Saudi Arabia A-Level tutor or Saudi Arabia IGCSE tutor can be easily found. Overall, therefore, the educational infrastructure for international curricula is particularly robust in Saudi Arabia.
• Scholarships and Exchange Programmes: At the university level, Saudi Arabia is increasingly encouraging international collaboration. Scholarships like the King Abdullah Scholarship Program enable Saudi students to study abroad, while exchange programmes with universities worldwide allow for a broader educational experience. Saudi universities also host international students, enhancing cultural exchange and academic diversity.
• Tutoring Support: The demand for tutoring in Saudi Arabia has soared in recent years given the increasing pressure on local students to excel. In major cities, the students who wish to enter into top US universities would often seek support from SAT tutor in Riyadh or a SAT tutor in Jeddah to ensure a level playing field with all their international competitors.

Government Initiatives and Reforms

Vision 2030 is Saudi Arabia's transformative blueprint to diversify its economy, with sweeping reforms in the education sector playing a critical role.

• Vision 2030 and Its Impact on Education: One of the key initiatives under Vision 2030 is the overhaul of the national curriculum to include more STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. For instance, the introduction of coding and robotics in schools aims to equip students with skills essential for the modern workforce. The Ministry of Education has also launched the "Future Gate" programme, which integrates digital technology into classrooms, providing interactive smart boards and e-learning resources to over 1,500 schools.
• Focus on Higher Education and Research: The government is heavily investing in higher education through initiatives like the establishment of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). KAUST, now a global leader in research, focuses on areas such as renewable energy, water desalination, and biotechnology. Additionally, the Ministry of Education’s scholarship programmes, such as the King Abdullah Scholarship Program, send thousands of Saudi students abroad annually to study at top universities, bringing back knowledge and expertise to contribute to the Kingdom's development.

These targeted reforms under Vision 2030 are designed to create a knowledge-based economy, reducing reliance on oil and positioning Saudi Arabia as a hub for innovation and education in the region. In the face of such sweeping development in science and technology, equipping oneself with specialised knowledge is ever more important.

Challenges Facing the Saudi Education System

Despite significant reforms, the Saudi education system faces ongoing challenges, particularly in terms of quality and access.

• Quality of Education: One of the major challenges is ensuring that the quality of education keeps pace with global standards. While efforts have been made to improve curricula and teacher training, international assessments like the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that Saudi students still lag behind in key areas like mathematics and science. The focus on rote learning over critical thinking and problem-solving skills remains a concern, limiting students' ability to compete in a globalised economy.
• Access to Education in Rural Areas: Access to quality education in rural areas is another significant challenge. Despite government efforts to expand educational infrastructure, schools in remote regions often face shortages of qualified teachers, inadequate facilities, and limited access to technology. The disparity between urban and rural education remains stark, with rural students often having fewer opportunities for academic and extracurricular development. Addressing these disparities is crucial for ensuring that all Saudi students, regardless of their location, have equal opportunities to succeed.

Career Prospects for Graduates of Saudi Educational Institutions

Graduates of Saudi educational institutions, particularly those from top universities like King Saud University and KAUST, are entering a job market that is increasingly aligned with the Kingdom's Vision 2030 goals. This vision emphasises sectors such as technology, renewable energy, and healthcare, creating robust opportunities for graduates in these fields.

• Employment Opportunities: Saudi Arabia's growing sectors, including tech startups, energy, and healthcare, offer promising career paths. For example, graduates with degrees in engineering, IT, and healthcare are in high demand, with many securing positions in leading companies like Saudi Aramco, SABIC, and new tech hubs in Riyadh.
• Government Initiatives: The government has also introduced the "Nitaqat" programme, which incentivises private companies to hire Saudi nationals, increasing job opportunities for local graduates. Additionally, the focus on entrepreneurship within Vision 2030 has led to the creation of various startup incubators and accelerators, giving graduates a platform to launch their businesses.

For international students, these developments mean that studying in Saudi Arabia could lead to exciting career prospects within the Kingdom’s rapidly evolving economy. As a Physics tutor in Riyadh commented,

"As the Saudi government increasingly focuses on technology and innovation, mastering subjects like physics is crucial for students aiming to excel in STEM fields, which is a gap that personalised tutoring can effectively address."

Conclusion

The Saudi Arabian education system offers a distinctive blend of strong Islamic traditions and modern educational practices, supported by recent reforms and technological advancements. For international students, particularly those interested in fields like engineering, technology, and Islamic studies, Saudi Arabia provides a unique opportunity to study in a culturally rich environment while gaining access to cutting-edge research and career prospects in a rapidly developing economy. This makes it an attractive destination for students seeking both academic excellence and cultural immersion.