IB History IA: 70 Examples and Guidance (2025)

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme program offers a variety of assessments for students, including Internal Assessments (IAs), which are pieces of coursework marked by students’ teachers. The History Internal Assessment (IA) is an essential component of the course and accounts for 20% of the final grade for Higher Level students and 25% for Standard Level students - although it is the same task for both levels.

In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about the IB History IA, including the structure, assessment criteria, and some tips for success.

What is the History IA?

The History IA is a historical investigation into a subject of the student’s choosing. History tutors suggest that it should be a maximum of 2,200 words, split between 3 separate sections.

Section 1 (suggested 500 words) - 6 marks
In this section, you will critically analyse two key sources that are relevant to your research question. You must:

• Clearly state the research question you have chosen to investigate, phrased as a question.
• Provide a brief explanation of the nature of the two sources you have selected for detailed analysis, including how they are relevant to your investigation.
• Analyze the two sources in detail, considering their origins, purpose, and content. You should evaluate the value and limitations of the sources in relation to your research question.

Section 2 (suggested: 1,300 words) - 15 marks

In this section, you will conduct the actual investigation into your research question. The internal assessment task allows for a wide variety of historical investigations, such as:

• a historical topic or theme using written sources or a variety of sources
• a historical topic based on fieldwork, for example, a museum, archeological site, battlefields, places of worship such as mosques or churches, historical buildings
• a historical problem using documents (this could include newspapers)
• a local history study
• a historical study based on oral interviews
• a historical investigation based on interpreting a novel, film or work of art
• a historical investigation of cultural issues.

The investigation should be well-organised and clearly focused on the research question. While there is no specific format required, it should include critical analysis and a conclusion drawn from the analysis. You should use a variety of evidence to support your argument, including primary and secondary sources.

Section 3 (suggested: 400 words) - 4 marks
In this section, you will reflect on the methods you used and challenges you faced during your investigation. You should relate your reflection specifically to your investigation and your experience as a historian, and then think more widely about how knowledge is produced in the discipline of history.

The IB suggests following these questions to inspire your reflection:

• What methods used by historians did you use in your investigation?
• What did your investigation highlight to you about the limitations of those methods?
• What are the challenges facing the historian? How do they differ from the challenges facing a scientist or a mathematician?
• What challenges in particular does archive-based history present?
• How can the reliability of sources be evaluated?
• What is the difference between bias and selection?
• What constitutes a historical event?
• Who decides which events are historically significant?
• Is it possible to describe historical events in an unbiased way?
• What is the role of the historian?
• Should terms such as “atrocity” be used when writing about history, or should value judgments be avoided?
• If it is difficult to establish proof in history, does that mean that all versions are equally acceptable?

Even A-Level tutors who specialise in A-Level History recognise the value of the History IA, appreciating its benefits and say that it should be a part of the A-Level curriculum as well to promote better learning.

Have a look at our comprehensive set of IB History SL and IB History HL Resources, developed by expert IB teachers and examiners:

📚 View IB History SL Study Notes
📚 View IB History HL Study Notes
📚 View IB History SL Past Papers
📚 View IB History HL Past Papers

What should I write my IA about?

It is important to note that formulating an appropriate research question is a crucial aspect of this section, which is why many students get the help of an IB History tutor to help witht the subject or even an IB English tutor to improve their essay writing skills. The six key concepts of the history course (causation, consequence, continuity, change, significance, and perspectives) can be a useful starting point for developing your research question.

Your IA can focus on something you’ve learnt about in class or develop a personal historical interest. It is best to choose a topic that you are familiar with and that you can easily access sources about.

Here are over 60 examples of potential questions and investigations compiled by IB tutors which could inspire your History IA, depending on the historical topics which you are familiar with and interested in:

1 - How justified was appeasement as a policy in the 1930s?

The policy of appeasement in the 1930s is a contentious topic in modern historical analysis. It sought to maintain peace by conceding to the demands of aggressive powers, notably Nazi Germany, but its justification remains debated. This investigation could critically assess the strategic, political, and moral reasons behind appeasement and its implications for European stability.

Key Points to Consider:

• The extent to which appeasement was shaped by the aftermath of World War I and fear of another war.
• British and French political and economic limitations during the interwar period.
• The role of public opinion in shaping appeasement policies.

Short-term benefits versus long-term consequences, such as emboldening Hitler's aggression.


2 - How influential was nationalism in Germany before 1848?

Nationalism in pre-1848 Germany was a driving force for socio-political change, yet its impact varied across regions. This exploration could analyse the role of cultural, economic, and political nationalism in fostering unity, while considering the challenges posed by regionalism and external powers like Austria.

Key Points to Consider:

• The influence of Romanticism in promoting cultural nationalism.
• Economic nationalism and the role of the Zollverein in fostering unity.
• The lack of political cohesion among German states before 1848.

The role of external powers, such as Austria and France, in suppressing nationalist movements.


3 - How decisive was Bismarck’s role in German unification?

Bismarck’s role in German unification is often celebrated as pivotal, but it is essential to evaluate it within a broader context. This investigation could examine Bismarck’s strategies, the geopolitical climate, and the contributions of other factors in achieving unification by 1871.

Key Points to Consider:

• Bismarck’s use of Realpolitik and diplomatic manoeuvres, including the manipulation of conflicts with Denmark, Austria, and France.
• The economic and military strength of Prussia as a precondition for unification.
• The role of nationalism and external pressures in driving unification.

The contributions of other key figures and movements to German unity.


4 - How far did the financial crisis of 1789 cause the French Revolution?

The financial crisis of 1789 played a significant role in precipitating the French Revolution, but it was not the sole factor. This inquiry could examine the interplay between economic distress, political mismanagement, and social tensions in triggering revolutionary change.

Key Points to Consider:

• The financial crisis caused by mounting debt and tax inequality.
• The role of King Louis XVI’s policies in exacerbating financial instability.
• Broader socio-political grievances, including inequality among the Estates.

The influence of Enlightenment ideas in challenging the existing order.


5 - How successful was the League of Nations in the 1920s?

The League of Nations, established to maintain peace after World War I, had notable achievements in the 1920s but was ultimately limited in its effectiveness. This study could evaluate its successes in resolving disputes and promoting cooperation, while identifying the structural weaknesses that undermined its goals.

Key Points to Consider:

• Successes in resolving disputes, such as the Aaland Islands and the Greece-Bulgaria conflict.
• Efforts to address global issues, including health and labour standards.
• The absence of key powers like the USA and the impact on the League’s authority.

Structural weaknesses, including unanimous voting requirements and lack of enforcement mechanisms.


6 - How far was the League of Nations a humanitarian success?

The League of Nations was established after World War I with the ambition of fostering global peace and cooperation. While its primary focus was preventing further conflict, it also spearheaded humanitarian efforts, including combating slavery, improving public health, and addressing the plight of refugees. However, the League faced significant limitations due to its lack of enforcement power and the absence of key global powers such as the United States.

• Key humanitarian initiatives included addressing epidemics like typhus and cholera in Eastern Europe.
• Played a pivotal role in combatting slavery in Liberia and child trafficking globally.

Limitations arose from a lack of funding, authority, and member state support.


7 - Were technological developments the most important factor in determining the outcome of WW2?

World War II witnessed unprecedented technological advancements that shaped military strategies and outcomes. Innovations such as radar, the atomic bomb, and mechanised warfare were pivotal in several decisive battles. However, other factors, including resource availability, alliances, and strategic decision-making, also played critical roles. The interplay between these elements, rather than technology alone, determined the overall outcome of the war.

• Key technological advancements included radar (Battle of Britain) and the atomic bomb (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).
• Industrial capacity and logistics (e.g., the US and Soviet production scale) proved equally significant.

Strategic errors, such as Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, were non-technological determinants.


8 - To what extent did the legal rights of women improve in Britain, 1860-1900?

The period between 1860 and 1900 marked significant strides in women's legal rights in Britain, particularly in property ownership, child custody, and divorce. Legislation such as the Married Women’s Property Acts allowed women greater financial independence, while other reforms challenged traditional gender roles. However, these advancements remained limited, with broader political rights, such as suffrage, still out of reach by 1900.

• The Married Women’s Property Acts (1870, 1882) granted women control over their earnings and property.
• Custody of Infants Act (1873) allowed divorced women custody rights for children under 16.

Women remained excluded from parliamentary suffrage and key political rights.


9 - How central was education to Nazi Germany?

Education was a cornerstone of Nazi Germany's strategy to shape society according to its ideological goals. The curriculum was heavily altered to instil loyalty to Hitler, promote racial ideology, and prepare youth for military service. Educational institutions became tools of propaganda, reflecting the regime's priorities. However, the emphasis on ideology often undermined academic standards and scientific progress.

• Curricular changes prioritised Nazi ideology, such as Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism.
• Hitler Youth and League of German Girls (BDM) were integral to extracurricular indoctrination.

Academic freedom and intellectual diversity were systematically suppressed.


10 - To what extent can Nixon’s Vietnamization policy be considered a success?

Nixon’s Vietnamization policy aimed to reduce US involvement in the Vietnam War by transferring combat responsibilities to South Vietnamese forces. While it enabled the gradual withdrawal of American troops and bolstered domestic support in the US, the policy's effectiveness was undermined by the inadequate training and corruption of South Vietnamese forces, ultimately failing to ensure a sustainable victory.

• The policy facilitated the withdrawal of over 500,000 US troops between 1969 and 1973.
• South Vietnamese forces struggled with logistical and operational independence.

The fall of Saigon in 1975 highlighted the policy's long-term ineffectiveness.


11 - How important was the Yalta conference to the start of the Cold War?

The Yalta Conference, held in February 1945, marked a critical turning point in the relationship between the Allied powers. While it initially aimed to establish post-war cooperation, differing ideologies and conflicting interests between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Britain laid the groundwork for future tensions. Agreements on the division of Germany and Eastern Europe’s future governance sowed distrust, contributing significantly to the Cold War’s onset.

• Agreements included the division of Germany into occupation zones and plans for Eastern European elections.
• Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe, justified by agreements at Yalta, heightened Western fears.

The conference highlighted ideological divides, particularly over democracy and communism.


12 - Investigating the impact of the Industrial Revolution on working-class living conditions in a specific country.

The Industrial Revolution profoundly altered working-class living conditions, creating a dual narrative of progress and exploitation. While industrialisation brought increased employment opportunities and urbanisation, it also led to overcrowded housing, poor sanitation, and health crises. Investigating these impacts in a specific country, such as Britain, provides insights into the social costs of rapid economic development.

• Key challenges included overcrowded tenements, poor ventilation, and high mortality rates.
• Labour reforms, such as factory acts, emerged to address harsh working conditions.

Improvements in infrastructure, such as sewage systems, gradually mitigated urban issues.


13 - How did the Cold War shape foreign policy decisions in a specific country?

The Cold War’s ideological and strategic pressures heavily influenced foreign policy decisions across the globe. For instance, the United States pursued containment through alliances like NATO and interventions in Korea and Vietnam. Examining a specific country highlights how the bipolar world order compelled nations to align with either the US or the Soviet Union, often at the expense of domestic priorities.

• The Marshall Plan exemplified US efforts to counter Soviet influence in Europe.
• Non-aligned movements emerged as responses to superpower rivalry.

Proxy wars, such as those in Korea and Vietnam, underscored ideological competition.


14 - Can the impact of the American Civil War on slavery and race relations be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources, such as personal letters, government records, and emancipation proclamations, provide invaluable perspectives on the impact of the American Civil War on slavery and race relations. They reveal how emancipation policies were implemented and how African Americans navigated their newfound freedom in a deeply divided society. These sources also capture contemporary attitudes towards race and equality.

• Key primary sources include the Emancipation Proclamation and Freedmen’s Bureau records.
• Personal accounts highlight the challenges of reconstruction and systemic racism.

Newspaper editorials provide insights into public opinion during and after the war.


15 - Investigating the social and economic impacts of colonialism on a specific region or country.

Colonialism restructured societies by exploiting resources and imposing foreign governance. Investigating a specific region, such as India or Kenya, illustrates how colonial rule transformed economies, often prioritising the needs of the colonisers over the local population. The social impacts, including cultural suppression and inequality, left enduring legacies that shaped post-colonial development.

• Economic impacts included the extraction of raw materials and forced labour systems.
• Social changes involved cultural assimilation policies and disruption of traditional structures.

Post-independence challenges, such as economic dependency, reflect colonial legacies.


16 - How did World War I shape the geopolitical landscape of Europe in the 20th century?

World War I fundamentally altered Europe’s political boundaries and power dynamics, paving the way for decades of instability. The collapse of empires like the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires led to the emergence of new states, while the Treaty of Versailles fostered resentment in Germany, contributing to the rise of extremism. The war's aftermath also influenced international relations through institutions like the League of Nations, setting the stage for future conflicts.

• The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires disintegrated, creating new states like Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
• Harsh reparations imposed on Germany under the Treaty of Versailles fueled economic and political unrest.

The League of Nations, though flawed, marked the first major attempt at international cooperation.


17 - Can the impact of the Vietnam War on American society be analyzed using popular culture as primary sources?

Popular culture provides a rich lens through which the societal impact of the Vietnam War can be examined. Films, music, and literature from the era reflect public sentiment, including anti-war protests, disillusionment with government policies, and changing attitudes toward patriotism. These sources capture the complexities of a society grappling with the war's divisive legacy.

• Songs like Bob Dylan’s “Blowin’ in the Wind” symbolised anti-war sentiment.
• Films such as Apocalypse Now and The Deer Hunter depicted the psychological toll of the war.

Literature from veterans, like Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, provided personal narratives.


18 - Investigating the impact of the Russian Revolution on the formation of the Soviet Union.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 marked a turning point in global politics, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union. The overthrow of the Tsarist regime and the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin established a one-party state based on Marxist ideology. This transformation shaped Soviet governance, economic policies, and its eventual role as a global superpower.

• The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended Russia’s involvement in World War I but ceded significant territory.
• The Bolshevik consolidation of power led to the Civil War (1917-1922) and the Red Army's victory.

The formation of the USSR in 1922 institutionalised Marxist-Leninist principles.


19 - How did the Women's Suffrage Movement impact political participation and representation in a specific country?

The Women’s Suffrage Movement achieved landmark progress in expanding political rights and representation for women. In countries like Britain, campaigns led to the gradual enfranchisement of women, beginning with the Representation of the People Act 1918. Beyond voting rights, the movement sparked wider societal changes, encouraging women to pursue leadership roles and actively engage in political discourse.

• The Representation of the People Act 1918 enfranchised women over 30 who met property qualifications.
• Campaigns by groups like the Suffragettes and Suffragists highlighted differing strategies.

Long-term impacts included increased representation of women in parliament and local government.


20 - Can the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on race relations in America be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources offer invaluable insights into the Civil Rights Movement’s impact on race relations in America. Speeches, photographs, and legal documents highlight both the struggle for equality and its outcomes, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These materials capture the movement's grassroots efforts, the role of prominent leaders, and the societal shifts it prompted.

• Speeches by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. (“I Have a Dream”) inspired mass mobilisation.
• Court rulings, such as Brown v. Board of Education, challenged systemic segregation.
• Grassroots efforts, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, showcased collective resistance.


21 - Investigating the impact of the Great Depression on political and economic policies in a specific country.

The Great Depression triggered significant shifts in political and economic strategies in affected nations. In the United States, it led to the New Deal, which introduced federal relief programmes and economic reforms aimed at stabilising the economy. The crisis also paved the way for increased government intervention and shaped long-term policy frameworks in areas such as banking and social welfare.

• The New Deal introduced public works programmes like the CCC and WPA.
• Banking reforms, such as the Glass-Steagall Act, aimed to restore financial stability.

Policies fostered a shift towards Keynesian economic principles in government planning.


22 - How did the Renaissance shape art, literature, and intellectual thought in Europe?

The Renaissance marked a transformative period in Europe, where art, literature, and intellectual pursuits flourished under the influence of humanism. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci explored perspective and realism, while writers such as Dante and Shakespeare expanded the scope of literary expression. This cultural rebirth fostered a renewed interest in classical antiquity, laying the groundwork for modern thought.

• Artistic techniques, including linear perspective and chiaroscuro, revolutionised visual representation.
• The printing press enabled the spread of humanist literature, such as Erasmus’s In Praise of Folly.

Intellectual movements, inspired by Greek and Roman works, emphasised individual potential and secularism.


23 - Can the impact of the Holocaust on Jewish communities and survivors be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources provide invaluable perspectives on the Holocaust’s devastating impact on Jewish communities and survivors. Diaries, testimonies, and photographs reveal the harrowing realities of life under Nazi persecution and the long-term effects of trauma. These sources help reconstruct the lived experiences of victims and illuminate the broader societal consequences of the Holocaust.

• Diaries, such as Anne Frank’s, provide personal accounts of survival and fear.
• Survivor testimonies document the atrocities of concentration camps like Auschwitz.

Nazi propaganda and official records highlight the systematic nature of persecution.


24 - Investigating the social and cultural impacts of the Harlem Renaissance on African American communities.

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that empowered African American communities through artistic and intellectual achievements. It provided a platform for expressing racial pride and challenging systemic discrimination. Through music, literature, and art, figures like Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington inspired a redefinition of Black identity and contributed to broader cultural shifts in the United States.

• Jazz and blues, led by artists like Louis Armstrong, became global cultural phenomena.
• Writers such as Zora Neale Hurston explored themes of race and resilience in their works.

The movement fostered political activism, including early calls for civil rights reform.


25 - How did the Space Race shape scientific exploration and international relations during the Cold War?

The Space Race symbolised the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, driving advancements in technology and scientific exploration. It spurred developments such as satellite communications and manned space missions while reflecting broader Cold War competition for global dominance. The race also laid the foundation for international collaboration in space exploration post-Cold War.

• Soviet achievements, such as launching Sputnik and Yuri Gagarin’s spaceflight, set early milestones.
• NASA’s Apollo programme culminated in the Moon landing, asserting US technological leadership.

The Space Race catalysed international agreements, like the Outer Space Treaty, to regulate space activities.


26 - Can the impact of the Chinese Cultural Revolution on Chinese society and politics be analyzed using primary sources?

The Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a radical movement initiated by Mao Zedong to consolidate power and enforce communist ideology. Primary sources, such as Red Guard memoirs, government directives, and propaganda materials, provide crucial insights into the societal upheaval, political purges, and ideological transformation that defined this era. These sources illustrate the widespread destruction of cultural heritage and the deep fractures within Chinese society.

• Red Guard diaries document youth mobilisation and the persecution of perceived class enemies.
• Propaganda posters reveal the glorification of Mao and suppression of dissent.

Official records expose the political purges of figures like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.


27 - Investigating the impact of the French Revolution on European politics and society in the 19th century.

The French Revolution profoundly influenced European politics and society by challenging monarchies and spreading revolutionary ideals. It inspired movements for democracy and nationalism while triggering conservative reactions across Europe. Examining its legacy reveals how revolutionary principles, such as equality and secular governance, shaped 19th-century political reforms and societal attitudes.

• The Napoleonic Wars exported revolutionary ideas to neighbouring countries.
• The Congress of Vienna (1815) aimed to restore monarchies and suppress liberal uprisings.

Concepts of citizenship and nationalism influenced independence movements across Europe.


28 - How did the Arab-Israeli conflict shape Middle Eastern politics and international relations?

The Arab-Israeli conflict has been a central factor in shaping the geopolitics of the Middle East. Rooted in competing nationalist claims and fuelled by external interventions, the conflict has influenced regional alliances, global power dynamics, and policies on energy security. Key events, such as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1967 Six-Day War, reshaped borders and entrenched tensions.

• The 1948 establishment of Israel and subsequent war displaced Palestinian populations.
• The 1967 Six-Day War expanded Israeli territory, exacerbating regional hostilities.

Peace efforts, like the Camp David Accords, showcased the influence of international diplomacy.


29 - Can the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on US foreign policy and Cold War tensions be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources, such as declassified government communications, speeches, and UN transcripts, offer detailed insights into the Cuban Missile Crisis’s impact. The crisis highlighted the dangers of nuclear brinkmanship and led to significant changes in US foreign policy, including the establishment of a direct hotline with the USSR and agreements on arms control. It also shifted global perceptions of Cold War superpowers.

• Declassified EXCOMM meetings reveal internal US decision-making during the crisis.
• Khrushchev’s letters to Kennedy illustrate Soviet strategic considerations.

UN Security Council debates reflect international reactions and diplomatic negotiations.


30 - Investigating the impact of the Protestant Reformation on religious and political institutions in Europe.

The Protestant Reformation initiated sweeping changes in Europe’s religious and political landscape, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and fostering the emergence of Protestant denominations. It redefined governance by promoting religious pluralism and diminishing papal influence. The Reformation also influenced state-building efforts as rulers aligned with new religious movements to consolidate power.

• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses sparked debates over church corruption and indulgences.
• The Peace of Augsburg (1555) institutionalised the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.

The Counter-Reformation, led by the Catholic Church, aimed to regain influence through reforms and missions.


31 - How did the Civil Rights Movement impact political and social changes in a specific country?

The Civil Rights Movement was pivotal in dismantling institutionalised racial discrimination and advancing equality in various societies, most notably the United States. It led to landmark legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, while also fostering greater awareness and activism against systemic inequalities. The movement’s legacy continues to shape political discourse and societal attitudes toward equality.

• Legislation like the Voting Rights Act (1965) addressed systemic voter suppression.
• Social changes included increased representation of African Americans in politics and public life.

Grassroots movements inspired broader campaigns for justice, including gender and LGBTQ+ rights.


32 - Can the impact of the Spanish Inquisition on Spanish society and politics be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources such as trial records, edicts, and personal testimonies offer critical insights into the Spanish Inquisition's societal and political impacts. This institution reinforced religious conformity and strengthened the monarchy’s authority by targeting heretics, Jews, and Muslims. These sources reveal how fear and repression were used as tools for consolidating power and suppressing dissent.

• Trial records detail the prosecution of suspected heretics and forced conversions.
• Edicts illustrate the expulsion of Jews (1492) and the suppression of other faiths.

Personal testimonies reveal the psychological toll on individuals and communities.


33 - Investigating the social and political impacts of the British Empire on colonized countries and regions.

The British Empire profoundly influenced colonised regions by reshaping their social structures and political systems. While introducing railways and legal systems, it also imposed exploitative economic policies and cultural hegemony. Investigating these impacts highlights how colonial legacies continue to affect post-independence development and governance.

• Economic exploitation involved resource extraction and the establishment of plantation economies.
• Social impacts included the erosion of traditional practices and the spread of English education.

Political changes often entailed the imposition of Western governance models and legal systems.


34 - How did the Enlightenment shape intellectual thought and political institutions in Europe?

The Enlightenment fostered a profound transformation in European intellectual and political life by championing reason, scientific inquiry, and individual rights. Thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau questioned traditional authority, inspiring reforms in governance and legal systems. This period laid the foundation for revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and modern democratic ideals.

• Key ideas included natural rights, separation of powers, and freedom of expression.
• Enlightenment thinkers influenced constitutional frameworks, such as the US Constitution.

Scientific advancements, promoted by figures like Newton, reflected the era’s emphasis on rationality.


35 - Can the impact of the Indian Independence Movement on Indian society and politics be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources, including speeches, letters, and government records, offer a detailed understanding of the Indian Independence Movement’s societal and political impact. They reveal the strategies of leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, the challenges of communal tensions, and the eventual formation of a democratic republic. These materials highlight the movement’s role in shaping India’s modern identity.

• Gandhi’s writings and speeches showcase the principles of non-violent resistance.
• Government documents detail colonial policies and responses to independence demands.

Partition records highlight the societal upheavals and communal violence during independence.


36 - Investigating the impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on African communities and diaspora.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade caused widespread disruption in African communities, leading to depopulation, economic instability, and the collapse of traditional societies. For the diaspora, it created enduring cultural legacies and systemic inequalities in the Americas. Examining these impacts highlights how this trade reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.

• African communities experienced population losses, resource depletion, and social disintegration.
• Enslaved individuals contributed to the development of plantation economies in the Americas.

Cultural resilience emerged in the diaspora through music, religion, and language.


37 - How did the American Revolution shape American politics and identity in the 19th and 20th centuries?

The American Revolution established principles of liberty, democracy, and self-governance that profoundly shaped the nation's political development. These ideals influenced domestic reforms, territorial expansion, and foreign policy. The Revolution also fostered a distinct national identity, centred on the concepts of freedom and individual rights.

• Republican ideals influenced constitutional developments and political systems.
• Manifest Destiny in the 19th century reflected revolutionary notions of self-determination.

The Revolution inspired global movements, including France’s revolutionary efforts.


38 - Can the impact of the Rwandan Genocide on Rwandan society and politics be analyzed using primary sources?

Primary sources, such as survivor testimonies, government documents, and UN reports, provide critical insights into the Rwandan Genocide’s profound societal and political impact. They reveal the devastating human cost, the failure of international intervention, and the challenges of post-genocide reconciliation and governance.

• Survivor testimonies expose the brutality of the genocide and its psychological aftermath.
• Government records detail the failure of institutions to prevent the violence.

Post-genocide policies, such as Gacaca courts, aimed to foster reconciliation.


39 - Investigating the social and cultural impacts of the Civil Rights Movement on African American communities in a specific country.

The Civil Rights Movement brought transformative social and cultural changes to African American communities, fostering pride in Black identity and challenging systemic inequality. It paved the way for broader representation in public life and inspired artistic and intellectual movements that reshaped cultural narratives.

• Movements like Black Power celebrated African heritage and cultural identity.
• Legal changes increased access to education, housing, and employment opportunities.

The movement influenced artistic expressions in literature, music, and visual arts.


40 - How did the rise of Nazism and Fascism shape European politics and international relations before World War II?

The rise of Nazism and Fascism destabilised Europe by promoting militarism, nationalism, and authoritarian governance. These ideologies fuelled aggressive expansionist policies, undermining international agreements and fostering distrust. Their influence reshaped alliances and played a critical role in the lead-up to World War II.

• Nazi Germany’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland violated the Treaty of Versailles.
• Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia highlighted Fascist expansionism and League of Nations weaknesses.

The Rome-Berlin Axis solidified ties between Germany and Italy, further isolating democratic powers.


41 - Can the impact of the Haitian Revolution on Caribbean society and politics be analyzed using primary sources?

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the first successful slave-led revolt, had profound effects on Caribbean society and politics. Primary sources, including government decrees, letters, and accounts from revolutionaries, reveal how it ended slavery in Haiti, inspired uprisings across the region, and challenged colonial powers. These materials illustrate the broader implications for independence movements and racial equality.

• Haitian independence destabilised colonial systems across the Caribbean.
• The abolition of slavery in Haiti inspired enslaved populations elsewhere.

International responses, including economic sanctions, shaped Haiti's post-revolution development.


42 - Analyzing the causes and consequences of the American Civil Rights Movement.

The American Civil Rights Movement was driven by systemic racial discrimination, economic inequality, and a legacy of slavery. Its consequences included transformative legal reforms, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and increased political representation for African Americans. The movement also reshaped societal attitudes toward equality and justice.

• Segregation laws and voter suppression were central issues the movement sought to address.
• Legal victories, such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), set precedents for change.

The movement influenced subsequent advocacy for women’s and LGBTQ+ rights.


43 - Investigating the impact of colonization on the culture and society of indigenous peoples.

Colonisation disrupted the cultural and societal structures of indigenous peoples, leading to the loss of traditional practices, displacement, and systemic oppression. By examining treaties, oral histories, and colonial records, one can better understand the erosion of indigenous autonomy and the long-term impacts on their communities.

• Forced assimilation policies, including residential schools, targeted indigenous cultures.
• Land dispossession disrupted traditional livelihoods and spiritual practices.

Resistance movements and treaties highlight efforts to preserve autonomy.


44 - Examining the role of women in the suffrage movement and the fight for equal rights.

Women played pivotal roles in advocating for suffrage and broader equality, utilising organised campaigns, publications, and civil disobedience. The movement achieved significant milestones, such as the granting of voting rights, while also challenging societal norms. Exploring these efforts reveals the foundation for later feminist movements.

• Organisations like the WSPU in Britain used militant tactics to demand suffrage.
• Key figures, including Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony, led national campaigns.

Suffrage achievements inspired movements for workplace equality and reproductive rights.


45 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Cuban Revolution on Cuban society and politics.

The Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) arose from widespread inequality, corruption under Batista, and nationalist aspirations. Its aftermath brought dramatic changes, including land reforms, nationalisation of industries, and strained relations with the United States. The revolution also positioned Cuba as a symbol of resistance against imperialism, though it faced criticism for curbing political freedoms.

• Land redistribution policies aimed to address economic disparities.
• Nationalisation of foreign-owned assets led to US sanctions and the Bay of Pigs invasion.

Educational and healthcare reforms improved access but at the cost of restricted freedoms.


46 - Investigating the impact of the Renaissance on art, science, and humanism.

The Renaissance was a period of profound intellectual and cultural transformation that revolutionised art, science, and humanist thought. It fostered a renewed interest in classical antiquity, leading to innovations in artistic techniques, groundbreaking scientific discoveries, and the development of humanism, which emphasised individual potential and secularism.

• Artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci introduced perspective and anatomical precision.
• Scientific advancements included Galileo’s telescope and Copernicus’s heliocentric model.

Humanist scholars like Erasmus promoted critical thinking and educational reform.


47 - Examining the role of nationalism in the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century.

Nationalism was a driving force behind the unification of Italy and Germany, fostering a shared sense of identity and purpose. In Italy, figures like Garibaldi and Cavour rallied support for unification, while in Germany, Bismarck’s realpolitik and military strategies consolidated disparate states under Prussian leadership.

• Italy’s unification involved campaigns like Garibaldi’s Expedition of the Thousand.
• Bismarck utilised wars with Denmark, Austria, and France to unify German states.

Nationalist rhetoric emphasised cultural and linguistic unity to mobilise support.


48 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution on society and the economy.

The Industrial Revolution transformed economies by shifting from agrarian to industrial production, leading to urbanisation and technological advancements. It created new opportunities for wealth but also exacerbated social inequalities and environmental challenges. Examining this period reveals its far-reaching implications for modern industrial societies.

• Inventions like the steam engine and power loom revolutionised production processes.
• Urbanisation resulted in overcrowded cities and poor living conditions for workers.

The rise of capitalism and trade unions reshaped economic and social structures.


49 - Investigating the impact of the French Revolution on the rise of democracy and liberalism.

The French Revolution dismantled feudal privileges and absolute monarchy, promoting democratic ideals and liberal reforms. It introduced concepts such as citizenship, equality before the law, and representative governance. The revolution’s influence extended beyond France, inspiring political change across Europe and the Americas.

• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen established equality and individual rights.
• The abolition of feudalism challenged traditional social hierarchies.

Revolutionary wars spread liberal principles and inspired independence movements.


50 - Examining the role of propaganda in shaping public opinion during World War II.

Propaganda was a powerful tool during World War II, used to mobilise support, maintain morale, and demonise enemy nations. Through posters, films, and radio broadcasts, governments influenced public perception and reinforced national unity. Propaganda also played a key role in justifying military actions and recruitment efforts.

• Posters like Britain’s Keep Calm and Carry On promoted resilience during the Blitz.
• Films and newsreels highlighted Allied victories and portrayed Axis powers as threats.

Radio broadcasts delivered speeches like Churchill’s, bolstering public morale.


51 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Cold War on global politics and international relations.

The Cold War emerged from ideological tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, driving a global competition for influence. It shaped international relations through the formation of alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars, and an arms race. The conflict also influenced decolonisation, with newly independent nations often caught between the superpowers.

• Proxy wars in Vietnam, Korea, and Afghanistan exemplified Cold War rivalries.
• The arms race and nuclear proliferation heightened global tensions.

Decolonisation movements aligned with Cold War ideologies, shaping global alliances.


52 - Investigating the impact of imperialism on the economy and society of colonial powers and colonies.

Imperialism profoundly altered economic and social structures in both colonial powers and their colonies. Colonies provided raw materials and labour, fueling industrialisation in imperial nations, but often at the cost of exploitation and underdevelopment. In turn, imperial policies disrupted traditional societies, reshaped cultures, and entrenched inequalities.

• Colonies supplied resources like cotton, rubber, and spices for European industries.
• Infrastructure projects, such as railways, prioritised colonial resource extraction over local needs.

Cultural assimilation policies aimed to replace indigenous traditions with imperial ideals.


53 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Black Death on medieval Europe.

The Black Death, caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, devastated medieval Europe in the 14th century. It led to significant population decline, transforming economic and social structures. The pandemic weakened feudal systems, increased labour mobility, and fostered changes in religious practices and cultural expressions.

• Labour shortages empowered peasants, leading to demands for higher wages and better conditions.
• Anti-Semitic violence and scapegoating intensified during the plague.

The decline in population disrupted urban and rural economies, fostering long-term structural change.


54 - Investigating the impact of the Enlightenment on political thought and revolution.

The Enlightenment promoted reason, individual rights, and secular governance, influencing political thought and revolutionary movements. Thinkers like Locke and Rousseau inspired calls for democracy, social contract theory, and equality, which shaped key events such as the American and French Revolutions. These ideas continue to underpin modern political systems.

• Locke’s theories on natural rights influenced constitutional frameworks.
• Rousseau’s concept of the general will inspired revolutionary ideals of popular sovereignty.

The American and French Revolutions embodied Enlightenment principles in action.


55 - Examining the role of human rights activism in the struggle for social justice and equality.

Human rights activism has been instrumental in addressing systemic inequalities and promoting social justice. Movements for racial, gender, and LGBTQ+ equality have utilised legal challenges, protests, and international advocacy to secure transformative changes. Activism continues to shape global discourse on justice and individual rights.

• Landmark movements like the Civil Rights Movement in the US achieved key legislative reforms.
• Women’s rights campaigns secured voting rights and workplace equality in many nations.

LGBTQ+ activism, such as the Stonewall Riots, advanced global recognition of LGBTQ+ rights.


56 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Mexican Revolution on Mexican society and politics.

The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) arose from widespread dissatisfaction with the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, inequality, and lack of land reform. It reshaped Mexican politics through the establishment of a constitutional framework and land redistribution policies. Socially, the revolution fostered cultural nationalism and empowered marginalised groups.

• The 1917 Constitution introduced labour rights and land reforms.
• Revolutionary leaders like Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa championed agrarian justice.

The movement inspired cultural shifts, such as the Mexican muralist art movement.


57 - Investigating the impact of the Mongol Empire on Eurasian trade and cultural exchange.

The Mongol Empire (13th–14th century) facilitated unprecedented trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia by securing the Silk Road and connecting diverse regions. Its policies promoted the movement of goods, technologies, and ideas, while also spreading religious tolerance. The empire’s influence left a lasting legacy on global interaction.

• The Pax Mongolica ensured the safe passage of merchants and travellers across the Silk Road.
• Cultural exchanges included the spread of Chinese technologies, such as gunpowder and printing.

Religious tolerance under Mongol rule encouraged the coexistence of various faiths.


58 - Examining the role of slavery in the development of the Atlantic economy and global trade.

Slavery was central to the growth of the Atlantic economy, providing the labour force for plantations producing sugar, cotton, and tobacco. These commodities fuelled European industrialisation and global trade networks. The system also had profound human and cultural consequences, contributing to racial hierarchies and resistance movements in the Americas.

• Enslaved Africans were critical to plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas.
• The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas in a global economic network.

Cultural resilience emerged through African diaspora traditions in music, religion, and language.


59 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution on Russian society and politics.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 was driven by widespread discontent with Tsarist autocracy, economic hardship, and military defeats in World War I. It led to the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Politically, it introduced communist governance, while socially, it dismantled class hierarchies but caused significant upheaval.

• The February Revolution ended Tsarist rule, while the October Revolution established Bolshevik control.
• Policies such as land redistribution and nationalisation transformed Russian society.

Civil war (1917–1923) between the Reds and Whites intensified societal divisions.


60 - Investigating the impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on African societies and cultures.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade devastated African societies by depopulating regions, disrupting economies, and fostering inter-tribal conflict. It also led to the cultural diffusion of African traditions across the Americas. Despite its destructive effects, African communities exhibited resilience and adaptation in the face of systemic exploitation.

• Slave raids and forced migrations depopulated communities and destabilised economies.
• The trade fostered inter-tribal warfare, fuelled by European demand for captives.

Diasporic cultural practices, such as African spiritual traditions and music, persisted in the Americas.


61 - Examining the role of protest and civil disobedience in social and political change.

Protest and civil disobedience have been critical tools for achieving social and political change, often challenging entrenched systems of power. Movements like the Civil Rights Movement and India’s struggle for independence show how non-violent resistance can mobilise public support, pressure governments, and inspire legislative reforms. These strategies have reshaped societies by empowering marginalised groups.

• Gandhi’s Salt March exemplified non-violent resistance against colonial rule.
• The Montgomery Bus Boycott highlighted the effectiveness of collective action in dismantling segregation.

Protest movements have influenced global reforms, such as environmental policies and LGBTQ+ rights.


62 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation on European society and religion.

The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the Catholic Church’s authority and practices, leading to religious fragmentation in Europe. It resulted in the rise of Protestant denominations, a decline in papal influence, and widespread societal changes. This movement fostered individualism, literacy, and shifts in political power dynamics.

• Luther’s 95 Theses criticised the sale of indulgences and Church corruption.
• The printing press facilitated the spread of Protestant ideas across Europe.

The Reformation spurred the Counter-Reformation, including the Council of Trent, to reform Catholic practices.


63 - Investigating the impact of the Silk Road on trade and cultural exchange in Eurasia.

The Silk Road was a vital network of trade routes that connected East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. It enabled the spread of commodities like silk, spices, and precious metals, while also serving as a conduit for technologies, religions, and artistic influences. Its impact reshaped the economic and cultural landscapes of Eurasia.

• Chinese silk and Indian spices were highly sought after in Europe and the Middle East.
• Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity spread along the Silk Road, influencing local cultures.

Technological exchanges included paper-making and gunpowder from China to the West.


64 - Examining the role of ideology in the rise of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century.

Ideologies such as fascism, communism, and Nazism played pivotal roles in the rise of totalitarian regimes by offering solutions to economic and political instability. These regimes, often emerging from crises, used propaganda and suppression to control populations. The interplay between ideology and governance reshaped global politics in the 20th century.

• Fascism in Italy promoted ultranationalism and state-led economic control under Mussolini.
• Communism in the Soviet Union, led by Lenin and Stalin, sought to establish a classless society.

Nazi ideology in Germany emphasised Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism, fuelling militarism and genocide.


65 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War on Spanish and American society and politics.

The Spanish-American War (1898) marked a turning point in global power dynamics, resulting from disputes over Spanish colonies like Cuba and the Philippines. For Spain, the war signalled the end of its colonial empire, while for the United States, it marked the rise of imperial ambition and global influence. The war also sparked debates on imperialism and democracy.

• The war led to the Treaty of Paris (1898), granting the US control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
• Spain experienced economic and political decline after losing its colonies.

American debates over imperialism intensified, influencing domestic and foreign policies.


66 - Investigating the impact of the Crusades on European and Middle Eastern societies and cultures.

The Crusades (11th–13th centuries) significantly shaped European and Middle Eastern societies by fostering military, cultural, and economic exchanges. While the campaigns aimed to reclaim holy sites, they also facilitated the transfer of knowledge, trade goods, and ideas, influencing both regions profoundly. The Crusades left a lasting legacy on interfaith relations and societal structures.

• European exposure to Middle Eastern knowledge advanced science, medicine, and architecture.
• Trade routes expanded, introducing goods like spices and textiles to European markets.

The Crusades deepened religious tensions between Christians and Muslims, shaping future conflicts.


67 - Examining the role of technology in warfare and military strategy throughout history.

Technological advancements have continually transformed warfare, influencing strategies, outcomes, and the nature of conflict. From the development of gunpowder and tanks to modern cyberwarfare, technology has redefined power dynamics and global security. Each innovation has forced military leaders to adapt strategies and rethink the rules of engagement.

• Gunpowder revolutionised medieval siege warfare, diminishing the effectiveness of castles.
• The Industrial Revolution introduced mass-produced weapons, such as rifles and artillery.

Modern technologies, including drones and cyber capabilities, have reshaped warfare in the digital age.


68 - Analyzing the causes and effects of the Partition of India on South Asian society and politics.

The Partition of India in 1947, driven by religious divisions and political disagreements, resulted in the creation of India and Pakistan. It caused massive population displacement, communal violence, and long-term political tensions. The event reshaped South Asian geopolitics and left deep scars on societal and cultural identities.

• The partition displaced over 15 million people, leading to widespread refugee crises.
• Communal violence claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and heightened religious divisions.

Border disputes, such as over Kashmir, continue to strain India-Pakistan relations.


69 - Investigating the impact of the Age of Exploration on global trade and cultural exchange.

The Age of Exploration (15th–17th centuries) connected continents, transforming global trade and cultural exchange. European voyages established new trade routes, colonised territories, and exchanged goods, ideas, and technologies. These developments shaped modern globalisation but also brought exploitation, slavery, and cultural suppression.

• European powers established maritime routes, enabling the exchange of goods like spices and silver.
• Cultural exchanges included the Columbian Exchange, which introduced crops like maize and potatoes to Europe.

Colonisation led to the exploitation of indigenous peoples and the transatlantic slave trade.


70 - Examining the role of revolutions in the development of modern nation-states and democracy.

Revolutions have been catalysts for political and social transformation, contributing to the emergence of modern nation-states and democratic principles. Events like the American, French, and Latin American revolutions redefined governance by challenging monarchies and establishing constitutional systems. These revolutions shaped the global shift towards self-determination and individual rights.

• The American Revolution inspired democratic governance through its constitutional framework.
• The French Revolution introduced ideas of equality, secularism, and republicanism.
• Latin American revolutions led to independence movements and the formation of sovereign states.

What are the assessment criteria?

Before starting the IA, you should remind yourself of the marking criteria from the IB. Paying close attention to hitting each criterion will allow you to maximise your score.

Criterion A: Identification and evaluation of sources (6 marks)

To score highly, the student should:

• Clearly state their research question
• Identify and select relevant sources
• Clearly explain how the sources relate to the research question
• Perform a thorough analysis and evaluation of the two sources
• Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the sources in relation to the research question, specifically considering the sources' origins, purpose, and content

Criterion B: Investigation (15 marks)

The investigation should:

• Be clear, coherent and effectively organized
• Contain well-developed critical analysis that is focused clearly on the stated question
• Use evidence from a range of sources effectively to support the argument
• Evaluate different perspective
• Argue to a reasoned conclusion that is consistent with the evidence and arguments provided

Criterion C: Reflection (4 marks)

The reflection should:

• Be clearly focused on what the investigation highlighted to the student about the methods used by the historian
• Demonstrate clear awareness of challenges facing the historian and/or limitations of the methods used by the historian
• Clearly connect the reflection to the rest of the investigation

What sources should I use for Section 1?

You could use primary or secondary sources for Section 1. Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an event or time period. Secondary sources are interpretations and analyses based on primary sources.

Top IB History tutors highlight that the important things to consider are that the sources directly relate to your research question and give you interesting things to analyse for their values and limitations. For example, it may be useful to choose a primary source from someone who had a vested interest in depicting a certain version of a historical event. You should then reference the sources you choose for Section 1 in your Section 2 investigation.

Once you have chosen your sources, you need to explicitly analyse the values and limitations of each source, for each of: origin, purpose, and content. This can be effectively structured in two paragraphs from each source: one for values and one for limitations.

How is the IA graded?

It is graded by the student’s teacher, who is trained and certified by the International Baccalaureate organization. The report is then sent to a moderator, who will check that the report adheres to the IB guidelines and that the grade awarded is appropriate.

Source: IB History HL Subject Brief

Conclusion

In conclusion, to do well in the IB History Internal Assessment (IA), it is essential to develop a strong research question that is focused on a historical issue or problem. Selecting appropriate and relevant sources, conducting a thorough analysis, writing a clear and well-structured conclusion, and providing a reflective statement on the research process are all critical components of a high-scoring IA. Additionally, it is important to follow the guidelines and formatting instructions, review, edit and proofread the IA multiple times, and seek feedback from your school teacher or tutor. By using resources like IB History Q&A Revision Notes, students can enhance their preparation. By following these guidelines and approaches, students can ensure that their IA is well-researched, well-written, and effectively communicates their understanding of the historical issue or problem.