20 Oldest Universities in the World

The world's oldest universities represent the bedrock of higher education and modern academia, shaping the intellectual and cultural heritage of humanity. These ancient institutions, such as Oxford University and the University of Bologna, continue to inspire students worldwide with their legacy of academic excellence. Historically significant and often UNESCO World Heritage Sites, these continually operating educational institutions have preserved knowledge through the Middle Ages, survived events like the French Revolution and World War II, and adapted to the modern workplace.

From the first university in Morocco, Al Quaraouiyine, to Charles University and other institutions established in the Islamic Golden Age, these academic institutions have influenced social sciences, liberal arts, and scientific research. This list of the 20 oldest universities in the world offers insights into how these historically significant educational hubs, enriched with cultural heritage and famous alumni, continue to lead global education and attract international students.

The 20 Oldest Universities in the World

The universities on this list have stood the test of time, blending centuries of academic traditions with modern advancements to remain globally influential. Charles University, established in 1348 in Prague, and Complutense University of Madrid, founded in 1293, are prime examples of institutions with significant historical contributions to academia. Each institution represents a unique chapter in the history of higher education, showcasing how ancient knowledge has shaped the modern workplace and contemporary learning.

1. University of Al Quaraouiyine (859)

Image Showing University of Al Quaraouiyine (859)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Fez, Morocco
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme
• Curriculum: Islamic Studies, Canon Law, Sciences, Languages
• Established: 859 CE
• Accreditations: UNESCO-recognised as the world’s oldest continually operating university

The University of Al Quaraouiyine is officially recognised as the world’s oldest continually operating educational institution, established in 859 CE during the Islamic Golden Age. Originally founded as a mosque by Fatima al-Fihri, it evolved into a full-fledged educational institution offering degrees in theology, canon law, and the sciences. The university remains an integral part of Morocco’s educational and cultural heritage, attracting international students and scholars.

Academic Performance

The university is highly regarded for its traditional focus on Islamic and Arabic disciplines, including education sciences and social sciences. Its rigorous curriculum ensures that students develop expertise in their fields while maintaining a deep understanding of Islamic principles. Al Quaraouiyine has produced several notable scholars, contributing to advancements in both religious and secular studies, reflecting its status as one of the oldest continuously operating institutions.

Admissions

Admission to the University of Al Quaraouiyine is competitive, with students evaluated on their prior academic performance and ability to excel in traditional disciplines. Applicants often require proficiency in Arabic due to the curriculum’s focus on Islamic studies and related fields.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university boasts historic lecture halls and libraries, including one of the world’s oldest libraries. These facilities house invaluable manuscripts and resources that enrich academic research. While the focus remains academic, students engage in activities fostering leadership and global awareness, further emphasising the cultural heritage of the institution.

Pros

• Oldest existing university with a rich historical legacy
• Renowned for its excellence in Islamic studies and law
• Attracts international students from across the globe

Cons

• Limited scope for secular courses compared to modern universities
• Admissions process is challenging for non-Arabic speakers

Contact Information

• Address: Medina of Fez, Fez, Morocco
• Phone: Not publicly available
• Website: Not publicly available

2. Al-Azhar University (970)

Image Showing Al-Azhar University (970)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Cairo, Egypt
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme
• Curriculum: Islamic Studies, Secular Courses (Business, Medicine, Economics)
• Established: 970 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as one of the oldest Islamic universities

Al-Azhar University, founded in 970 CE in Cairo, Egypt, is one of the world’s oldest universities and an enduring symbol of Islamic scholarship. Originally established as a madrasa, the university has since evolved into a comprehensive modern educational institution, offering both traditional Islamic education and secular courses. It has played a pivotal role in shaping Islamic intellectual thought and remains a cornerstone of higher education in the Muslim world.

Academic Performance

The university is globally renowned for its rigorous programmes in Islamic theology, law, and Arabic studies. Since 1961, it has incorporated modern disciplines such as medicine, engineering, and economics into its curriculum, ensuring a well-rounded education. Al-Azhar University’s graduates have significantly contributed to various fields, making it a key player in modern academia while preserving its traditional roots. Its library, considered the second most important in Egypt after the Egyptian National Library, further supports its academic excellence.

Admissions

Admission to Al-Azhar University is competitive, particularly for international students seeking to enrol in its prestigious Islamic studies programmes. Applicants are evaluated on their academic background and proficiency in Arabic, which is essential for many courses.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university boasts state-of-the-art facilities that support both academic and extracurricular pursuits. It has modern lecture halls, research centres, and dedicated spaces for arts and cultural activities. Students are encouraged to participate in initiatives that promote leadership and social responsibility, creating a balanced learning environment.

Pros

• Globally recognised for excellence in Islamic and secular studies
• Offers a unique blend of traditional and modern education
• Strong emphasis on cultural and intellectual development

Cons

• Primarily focused on Islamic and Arabic disciplines
• Language barrier for non-Arabic-speaking students

Contact Information

• Address: Al-Azhar Street, Cairo, Egypt
• Phone: +20 2 2510 0000
• Website: www.azhar.edu.eg

3. University of Bologna (1088)

Image Showing University of Bologna (1088)

• Type: Public Research University
• Location: Bologna, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and student residency status
• Curriculum: Wide range including Humanities, Law, Medicine, Engineering, and Social Sciences
• Established: 1088 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as the oldest university in Europe

The University of Bologna, established in 1088, holds the title of the oldest continually operating university in Europe and one of the world's oldest universities. Often called the "Nourishing Mother of the Studies," it pioneered the modern concept of higher education and degree courses. The university continues to be a leader in academic and scientific research, drawing students from across the globe to its historic campus in Bologna.

Academic Performance

The University of Bologna offers a comprehensive curriculum, with standout programmes in law, humanities, and medicine. It remains at the forefront of academic excellence, consistently ranked among the top research universities in Europe. The institution’s notable alumni include the renowned astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Dante Alighieri, the father of the Italian language, highlighting its historic impact on the liberal arts and sciences.

Admissions

Admission to the University of Bologna is competitive, particularly for its prestigious programmes in law, social sciences, and engineering. International students are welcomed, with many programmes offered in English to ensure accessibility. Applicants must meet academic and language requirements specific to their chosen field of study.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features state-of-the-art research laboratories, modern libraries, and dedicated spaces for arts and sports. Its cultural and academic hubs extend beyond Bologna to multiple campuses across Italy, providing students with diverse learning environments. Extracurricular opportunities include student-led organisations, artistic endeavours, and participation in community outreach, ensuring a holistic educational experience.

Pros

• Oldest university in Europe with a legacy of academic excellence
• Wide range of programmes across multiple disciplines
• Strong global reputation for research and innovation

Cons

• Admissions process can be highly competitive for certain faculties
• Tuition fees for non-EU students can be relatively high

Contact Information

• Address: Via Zamboni, 33, Bologna, Italy
• Phone: +39 051 209 9111
• Website: www.unibo.it

4. University of Oxford (1096)

Image Showing University of Oxford (1096)

• Type: Collegiate Public Research University
• Location: Oxford, United Kingdom
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status (domestic or international students)
• Curriculum: Broad range including Humanities, Sciences, Social Sciences, Medicine, and Law
• Established: Teaching began in 1096
• Accreditations: Recognised as the oldest university in the English-speaking world

The University of Oxford, with its origins traced back to 1096, is widely regarded as the first and oldest university in the English-speaking world. Initially, some institutions like University College London were established as university colleges before gaining full university status, highlighting the evolution of higher education institutions. Renowned for its pioneering role in higher education, it continues to lead global academia with its exceptional research and teaching standards. Oxford’s iconic architecture and traditions, such as its collegiate system, make it a hallmark of academic excellence and cultural heritage.

Academic Performance

Oxford University is consistently ranked among the top universities in the world for its exceptional teaching and research capabilities. It offers a broad range of degree courses across multiple disciplines, including medicine, political sciences, and liberal arts. The university is home to 44 colleges, each fostering a unique community of scholars. Its notable alumni include Stephen Hawking, 28 UK Prime Ministers, and over 50 Nobel Prize winners, underscoring its global impact on education and research. Students pursuing the IB curriculum at Oxford often seek assistance from IB tutors in UK to enhance their academic performance and prepare for the competitive learning environment.

Admissions

Admission to Oxford is highly competitive, with applicants assessed through academic records, standardised tests, and interviews. International students are welcomed, with tailored support for adjusting to life in the UK. Applicants must demonstrate academic excellence and a passion for their chosen field of study. Many prospective students enhance their preparations for Oxford with assistance from A-level tutors in London, ensuring they are ready to tackle the admissions process.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university boasts world-class facilities, including cutting-edge laboratories, libraries such as the Bodleian Library, and the largest university press globally. Extracurricular opportunities abound, from sports and arts to the annual Boat Race against Cambridge University. These activities foster leadership, teamwork, and a well-rounded student experience.

Pros

• Oldest university in the English-speaking world with a global reputation for excellence
• Broad range of disciplines and world-class research opportunities
• Rich cultural and academic traditions with strong support for international students

Cons

• Extremely competitive admissions process
• High tuition fees, especially for international students

Contact Information

• Address: Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
• Phone: +44 1865 270000
• Website: www.ox.ac.uk

5. University of Salamanca (1134)

Image Showing University of Salamanca (1134)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Salamanca, Spain
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status (domestic or international students)
• Curriculum: Humanities, Law, Sciences, Social Sciences, and Languages
• Established: 1134 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as Spain’s oldest university and a major academic institution in the Hispanic world

The University of Salamanca, established in 1134, is the first and oldest university in Spain and a cornerstone of higher education in the Hispanic world. Known for its role in shaping European academia during the Renaissance, the university remains a symbol of intellectual excellence. Its historical significance and stunning campus architecture have earned it a place as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Academic Performance

The University of Salamanca has long been a leader in humanities, law, and sciences. It played a key role in Christopher Columbus’s exploration of the Americas, as he sought funding for his voyage here. Today, it continues to excel as one of Spain’s top research universities, particularly in fields like social sciences and language studies. The university hosts over 26,000 students across nine campuses, offering a robust range of degree courses.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Salamanca are competitive, with international students particularly drawn to its rich cultural heritage and academic prestige. Applicants are assessed based on their prior academic achievements and language proficiency, with some programmes requiring additional entrance exams. Students at Salamanca pursuing the IB curriculum often collaborate withIB tutors in Spain, ensuring they achieve academic excellence in this historic institution.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features modern classrooms, historic libraries, and state-of-the-art research facilities. Its vibrant campus life offers numerous opportunities for extracurricular involvement, from cultural festivals to community service. Students also benefit from Salamanca’s rich cultural scene, which blends history with a lively modern atmosphere.

Pros

• Spain’s oldest university with a significant role in European academic history
• Wide variety of programmes, particularly strong in humanities and languages
• Located in a UNESCO World Heritage Site city

Cons

• Admissions can be competitive for high-demand programmes
• Language barrier for students not fluent in Spanish

Contact Information

• Address: Patio de Escuelas, 1, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
• Phone: +34 923 294 400
• Website: www.usal.es

6. University of Paris (1150)

• Type: Public Research University (formerly)
• Location: Paris, France
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Humanities, Theology, Sciences, Philosophy, and Social Sciences
• Established: 1150 CE (officially established)
• Accreditations: Historically recognised as a leading European academic institution

The University of Paris, often referred to as La Sorbonne, is one of the first established universities in Europe. Achieving university status in the Middle Ages, it became a hub for theological and philosophical studies and played a crucial role in shaping higher education during this era. Although its original structure was disbanded after the French Revolution, the university was later reorganised into 13 independent institutions in 1970, continuing its legacy of academic excellence.

Academic Performance

The University of Paris was historically renowned for its contributions to theology, philosophy, and social sciences. During the Middle Ages, it stood as a leader in intellectual discourse across Europe. Today, its successor institutions, including Sorbonne University and Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, rank among the top research universities globally, excelling in fields like political sciences, liberal arts, and law.

Admissions

Admissions to the successor institutions of the University of Paris are highly competitive, reflecting their global reputation. Each institution evaluates applicants based on academic achievements, language proficiency, and specific programme requirements. Many programmes are offered in French, requiring fluency in the language. International students studying at Paris’s successor institutions often enhance their learning with the help of IB tutors in France, who provide specialised support in multiple disciplines.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The University of Paris’s successor institutions offer cutting-edge facilities, including state-of-the-art research labs, extensive libraries, and cultural centres. Students can participate in a range of extracurricular activities, such as arts, debates, and community projects, while immersing themselves in Paris’s vibrant academic and cultural scene.

Pros

• Historically significant as one of the world’s oldest universities
• Leading successor institutions in humanities, social sciences, and law
• Located in the heart of Paris, offering rich cultural and academic opportunities

Cons

• Language proficiency in French is often required for admissions
• Original university structure no longer exists

Contact Information

• Address: Varies depending on the successor institution (e.g., Sorbonne University, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University)
• Phone: Varies by institution
• Website: Varies by institution (e.g., www.sorbonne-universite.fr)

7. University of Cambridge (1209)

Image Showing University of Cambridge (1209)

• Type: Collegiate Public Research University
• Location: Cambridge, United Kingdom
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status (domestic or international students)
• Curriculum: Wide range including Humanities, Sciences, Engineering, Social Sciences, and Medicine
• Established: 1209 CE
• Accreditations: Globally recognised as a leading research institution

The University of Cambridge, established in 1209, is one of the oldest existing universities and a symbol of academic excellence. Founded by scholars who left Oxford University due to a dispute, Cambridge has since become a global leader in higher education and research universities, fostering intellectual innovation across diverse disciplines. Its historic and picturesque campus has made it one of the most iconic academic institutions in the world.

Academic Performance

Cambridge consistently ranks among the top universities globally for its rigorous academic standards and groundbreaking research. It offers a vast array of degree courses, with standout programmes in mathematics, political sciences, and engineering. The university is home to 31 colleges, creating close-knit communities that support academic and personal growth. Its famous alumni include Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, and over 120 Nobel Prize winners.

Admissions

Admission to Cambridge is highly competitive, with applicants assessed through academic records, standardised tests, and interviews. International students are actively welcomed, with many programmes offered in English. Candidates are expected to excel academically and demonstrate a passion for their chosen field.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

Cambridge boasts state-of-the-art facilities, including advanced laboratories, libraries such as the Cambridge University Library, and the second-largest university press in the world. Extracurricular activities are integral to student life, ranging from sports and arts to the iconic Boat Race against Oxford University. Students benefit from a well-rounded experience that nurtures leadership and collaboration.

Pros

• Globally renowned for academic excellence and research innovation
• Home to 31 colleges, fostering a unique community atmosphere
• Rich history and traditions as one of the oldest universities in the world

Cons

• Admissions process is extremely competitive
• Tuition fees are high, especially for international students

Contact Information

• Address: The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
• Phone: +44 1223 337733
• Website: www.cam.ac.uk

8. University of Padua (1222)

Image Showing University of Padua (1222)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Padua, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Medicine, Law, Humanities, Philosophy, Sciences, and Engineering
• Established: 1222 CE
• Accreditations: One of the oldest universities in the world, renowned for its contributions to medicine and astronomy

The University of Padua, founded in 1222, is a historic academic institution renowned for its excellence in medical education and its pivotal role in early research in astronomy. Established by a group of scholars seeking academic freedom, the university has upheld its commitment to innovation and excellence across diverse disciplines, becoming a leading research institution in Europe.

Academic Performance

The University of Padua has been a trailblazer in higher education since the Middle Ages, particularly in medical education and scientific inquiry. It played a key role in advancing astronomy, philosophy, and law during the Renaissance. Today, it continues to excel in these fields, offering cutting-edge research opportunities and world-class degree programmes. Notable alumni include Nicolaus Copernicus, who revolutionised the understanding of our solar system, and Andrea Vesalius, a pioneer in human anatomy.

Admissions

Admission to the University of Padua is competitive, particularly for its medical and scientific programmes. The university actively welcomes international students, with many courses offered in English. Applicants are assessed on academic performance and, in some cases, entrance exams.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features advanced facilities, including modern laboratories, libraries, and one of the oldest academic botanical gardens in the world. Students are encouraged to engage in extracurricular activities, such as cultural festivals, scientific societies, and sports, fostering a dynamic campus life.

Pros

• Renowned for its contributions to medicine, astronomy, and law
• Offers a wide variety of programmes with a strong emphasis on research
• Historic campus with unique academic traditions

Cons

• High demand for medical and scientific programmes makes admissions competitive
• Limited course offerings in English compared to other international universities

Contact Information

• Address: Via VIII Febbraio, 2, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
• Phone: +39 049 827 5111
• Website: www.unipd.it

9. University of Naples Federico II (1224)

Image Showing University of Naples Federico II (1224)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Naples, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Medicine, Law, Engineering, Social Sciences, and Humanities
• Established: 1224 CE
• Accreditations: One of the world’s oldest public universities, founded by Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire

The University of Naples Federico II, established in 1224 by Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire, holds the distinction of being the first public university created with the goal of providing higher education independently of religious institutions. Located in Naples, a city with rich historical and cultural heritage, the university has become a hub of academic excellence and innovation.

Academic Performance

The university has long been celebrated for its pioneering role in medical education, law, and philosophy, contributing significantly to scientific research during the Middle Ages. Today, it continues to be a leader in diverse disciplines, offering a wide range of degree programmes. Its notable alumni include Thomas Aquinas, one of the most influential theologians and philosophers in history. The university now serves over 100,000 students, solidifying its status as one of Europe’s leading academic institutions.

Admissions

Admission to the University of Naples Federico II is competitive, particularly for its renowned medical and engineering programmes. The university actively encourages applications from international students, offering resources to support their integration and success. Admission requirements vary by programme, and proficiency in Italian may be required for certain courses. Aspiring students preparing for admissions at Naples Federico II frequently turn to SAT tutors in Italy to meet the university’s competitive academic requirements.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university boasts modern facilities, including advanced research centres, libraries, and laboratories, spread across multiple campuses in Naples. Students can participate in a wide range of extracurricular activities, such as cultural events, sports, and community service, fostering a well-rounded educational experience.

Pros

• Historically significant as the first public university
• Renowned for excellence in medicine, law, and philosophy
• Large student population with a vibrant academic and social environment

Cons

• Admissions for popular programmes can be highly competitive
• Limited English-language courses compared to some other institutions

Contact Information

• Address: Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138 Naples, Italy
• Phone: +39 081 253 1111
• Website: www.unina.it

10. University of Toulouse (1229)

Image Showing University of Toulouse (1229)

• Type: Public University (historically)
• Location: Toulouse, France
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and institution
• Curriculum: Theology, Law, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Sciences
• Established: 1229 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as one of Europe’s first established universities

The University of Toulouse, founded in 1229 following the Treaty of Paris, is one of Europe’s oldest academic institutions. Originally established to promote Catholic theological studies during the Middle Ages, it evolved into a hub of higher education and research. Though divided into several independent institutions in 1969, its legacy remains a cornerstone of France’s academic heritage.

Academic Performance

Historically, the university was known for its theological and legal studies, which were vital during the Middle Ages. Today, its successor institutions, such as Toulouse 1 Capitole University and Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier University, excel in fields like political sciences, social sciences, and natural sciences. These universities attract both domestic and international students, maintaining the city’s reputation as a centre for intellectual and academic excellence.

Admissions

Admissions to the successor institutions of the University of Toulouse are competitive, especially for programmes in law, engineering, and medicine. Applicants are assessed on their academic credentials and, for many programmes, must demonstrate proficiency in French. International students have access to guidance and resources for a smooth integration.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The successor universities in Toulouse offer advanced facilities, including state-of-the-art laboratories, modern libraries, and cultural centres. Extracurricular activities are diverse, with opportunities in arts, sports, and community engagement. Toulouse’s vibrant city life further enriches the student experience, blending academic pursuits with cultural immersion.

Pros

• One of Europe’s oldest established universities, fostering a strong academic tradition
• Successor institutions excel in a wide range of disciplines, particularly law and sciences
• Located in Toulouse, a culturally rich and student-friendly city

Cons

• The original university no longer exists as a single entity
• Language barrier for non-French-speaking students

Contact Information

• Address: Varies by successor institution (e.g., Toulouse 1 Capitole University)
• Phone: Varies by institution
• Website: Varies by institution (e.g., www.ut-capitole.fr)

11. University of Siena (1240)

Image Showing University of Siena (1240)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Siena, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Law, Humanities, Medicine, Social Sciences, and Political Sciences
• Established: 1240 CE
• Accreditations: One of the world’s oldest public universities, renowned for its contribution to law and medicine

The University of Siena, established in 1240, is a historic institution that played a pivotal role in the development of higher education during the Middle Ages. Nestled in the picturesque Tuscan city of Siena, the university remains a beacon of academic excellence, known for its strong emphasis on law, medicine, and the social sciences. The Siena campus comprises facilities that attract students worldwide, creating a vibrant learning environment enriched by cultural heritage.

Academic Performance

The University of Siena is widely regarded for its rigorous academic programmes in canon law, humanities, and medicine. Its interdisciplinary approach combines traditional subjects with modern research, fostering a robust educational foundation. Over centuries, the university has maintained a strong reputation for producing graduates who excel in professional and academic fields.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Siena are competitive, with applicants evaluated on their academic performance and, in some cases, entrance exams. While most courses require proficiency in Italian, the university offers an increasing number of English-taught programmes to attract international students.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university blends its medieval architecture with modern facilities, including advanced laboratories, libraries, and cultural centres. Students enjoy a range of extracurricular activities, including participation in local festivals, cultural exchanges, and academic clubs. Siena’s city centre, recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, provides a unique backdrop for students to immerse themselves in history and culture.

Pros

• Strong reputation in law, humanities, and medicine
• Located in a UNESCO World Heritage Site with a vibrant cultural scene
• Increasing availability of English-taught programmes

Cons

• Limited programme options in STEM disciplines compared to other universities
• Italian proficiency is required for many courses

Contact Information

• Address: Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
• Phone: +39 0577 235555
• Website: www.unisi.it

12. University of Valladolid (1241)

Image Showing University of Valladolid (1241)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Valladolid, Spain
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status (domestic or international students)
• Curriculum: Law, Humanities, Philosophy, Sciences, and Arts
• Established: 1241 CE
• Accreditations: One of the oldest universities in the Hispanic world

The University of Valladolid, founded in 1241, is one of Spain's oldest universities and a significant player in the development of higher education institutions in Europe. Its contributions to disciplines such as law, theology, and philosophy during the Middle Ages have left a lasting impact on academic and cultural traditions in the Hispanic world. Located in the heart of Valladolid, the university’s historic campus is a centrepiece of the city’s vibrant cultural life.

Academic Performance

Known for its excellence in law, humanities, and arts, the University of Valladolid has been a pillar of higher education for centuries. It offers a wide variety of degree courses and is particularly celebrated for its contributions to Spanish literature and education sciences. With a focus on modernisation, the university now provides strong research opportunities and has expanded its academic offerings across multiple campuses. Students aiming to succeed in their academic journey often work with A-level tutors in Spain, who provide tailored support for excelling in key subjects.

Admissions

The admissions process is competitive, with applicants evaluated on their academic achievements and language proficiency. Some programmes may require additional entrance exams. The university welcomes international students, offering support services to help them adapt to academic and cultural life in Spain.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university boasts historic and modern facilities, including libraries, research centres, and state-of-the-art laboratories. Its emphasis on the arts and music is highlighted by its UniversiJazz festival and theatre programmes. Students can also participate in various clubs and societies that promote leadership and community engagement.

Pros

• Rich academic tradition and cultural significance as one of Spain’s oldest universities
• Strong programmes in law, arts, and philosophy
• Vibrant campus life supported by diverse extracurricular activities

Cons

• Limited English-language programmes may pose challenges for international students
• Admissions for high-demand programmes can be competitive

Contact Information

• Address: Plaza de Santa Cruz, 8, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
• Phone: +34 983 423 000
• Website: www.uva.es

13. University of Montpellier (1289)

Image Showing University of Montpellier (1289)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Montpellier, France
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Medicine, Law, Sciences, Humanities, and Social Sciences
• Established: 1289 CE
• Accreditations: Renowned for housing the world’s oldest medical school still in operation

The University of Montpellier, established in 1289, is one of Europe’s most historically significant academic institutions. Renowned for its pioneering contributions to medical education, it has maintained its stature as a global leader in science and research. The university has played a vital role in shaping modern academia, particularly during the Middle Ages, when its expertise in medicine and philosophy earned it international acclaim.

Academic Performance

The University of Montpellier is especially celebrated for its excellence in medicine, ranking among the world’s top institutions for this discipline. Its research and educational achievements in law, sciences, and social sciences further enhance its reputation. The university’s role during the Black Death epidemic of the 14th century, where it led debates on public health, highlights its historical significance. Today, it continues to excel in scientific research, attracting scholars and international students from across the globe.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Montpellier are competitive, particularly for its medical programmes. Applicants are evaluated based on their academic credentials and entrance exams where applicable. Proficiency in French is often required, though some programmes offer courses in English to accommodate international students.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features state-of-the-art laboratories, libraries, and research centres, along with modern lecture halls. Extracurricular activities include sports, cultural events, and student organisations, fostering a dynamic and inclusive campus life. Montpellier, as a city, offers students a blend of historical charm and modern amenities, making it an ideal academic destination.

Pros

• Home to the world’s oldest medical school, renowned for medical and scientific research
• Strong reputation in law, sciences, and social sciences
• Located in Montpellier, a vibrant city with a rich cultural heritage

Cons

• High competition for admission to medical and science programmes
• Language barrier for non-French-speaking applicants

Contact Information

• Address: 163 Rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
• Phone: +33 4 67 41 74 00
• Website: www.umontpellier.fr

14. University of Coimbra (1290)

Image Showing University of Coimbra (1290)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Coimbra, Portugal
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Humanities, Law, Social Sciences, Sciences, and Engineering
• Established: 1290 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as one of Europe’s oldest universities and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The University of Coimbra, founded in 1290, is the oldest university in Portugal and one of the most prestigious academic institutions in Europe. Initially established in Lisbon, it was relocated to Coimbra in 1537, where it has remained a cornerstone of Portuguese higher education. With its stunning architecture and historical significance, the university is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, symbolising centuries of academic excellence and cultural impact.

Academic Performance

Renowned for its contributions to social sciences, humanities, and law, the University of Coimbra is a leader in scientific research and technological innovation. Its historic library, the Biblioteca Joanina, is one of the world’s most celebrated academic libraries. The university’s diverse curriculum attracts both domestic and international students, offering degree programmes that prepare graduates for success in the modern workplace.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Coimbra are competitive, with applicants evaluated based on academic records and, for certain programmes, entrance exams. While proficiency in Portuguese is required for most programmes, an increasing number of courses are available in English, making the university more accessible to international students.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features advanced research facilities, historic lecture halls, and an active student life. Its extracurricular offerings include cultural societies, sports clubs, and international student associations. The vibrant campus life is enriched by Coimbra’s rich historical and cultural environment, offering students a unique educational experience.

Pros

• Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, with stunning architecture and a rich academic tradition
• Strong reputation in law, humanities, and sciences
• Increasing availability of English-taught programmes for international students

Cons

• Portuguese proficiency is required for many courses
• Admissions for popular programmes can be competitive

Contact Information

• Address: Paço das Escolas, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
• Phone: +351 239 859 900
• Website: www.uc.pt

15. University of Macerata (1290)

Image Showing University of Macerata (1290)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Macerata, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Humanities, Social Sciences, Law, Cultural Heritage, and Education Sciences
• Established: 1290 CE
• Accreditations: One of Italy’s oldest academic institutions, renowned for its focus on humanities and social sciences

The University of Macerata, established in 1290, is one of Italy’s oldest universities, with a rich history rooted in the study of humanities and social sciences. Nestled in the picturesque Italian countryside, the university is celebrated for its specialised focus on cultural and education sciences, making it a hub for scholars interested in the liberal arts and cultural heritage.

Academic Performance

The University of Macerata is widely recognised for its academic excellence in fields such as philosophy, law, and education sciences. The university prioritises the humanities and offers a unique educational experience that blends traditional academic disciplines with modern research opportunities. Its international programmes and English-taught courses attract students from around the world, reinforcing its reputation as a culturally inclusive institution.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Macerata require applicants to demonstrate strong academic performance. International students are welcomed, and the university offers support services to help them integrate into the academic community. Proficiency in Italian may be required for some courses, though several programmes are available in English.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university’s historic campus is equipped with modern facilities, including well-stocked libraries, cultural research centres, and digital resources. Extracurricular activities include theatre groups, music ensembles, and cultural exchange programmes, providing students with opportunities to engage in a vibrant campus life and develop leadership skills.

Pros

• Strong focus on humanities, cultural heritage, and social sciences
• Welcoming environment for international students, with English-taught courses
• Historic and scenic campus in the Italian countryside

Cons

• Limited scope for STEM and technical disciplines
• Italian proficiency may be required for some programmes

Contact Information

• Address: Via Crescimbeni, 30, 62100 Macerata, Italy
• Phone: +39 0733 258 111
• Website: www.unimc.it

16. University of Perugia (1308)

Image Showing University of Perugia (1308)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Perugia, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Law, Humanities, Medicine, Political Sciences, and Engineering
• Established: 1308 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as one of Italy’s oldest universities and a pioneer in education sciences

The University of Perugia, founded in 1308, is one of Italy’s oldest academic institutions, with a longstanding reputation for excellence in law, humanities, and medicine. Established as a studium generale in the Middle Ages, it continues to be a vital centre of higher education and research in Europe. Its historic campus in Perugia offers a unique blend of medieval architecture and modern facilities.

Academic Performance

Renowned for its academic rigour, the University of Perugia excels in fields such as law, medicine, and political sciences. Its emphasis on scientific research and interdisciplinary education has made it a hub for scholars and researchers. The university also offers specialised programmes tailored to the needs of the modern workplace, attracting students from around the world.

Admissions

Admissions are competitive, particularly for high-demand programmes like medicine and law. International students are welcomed, with many resources available to support their integration. Proficiency in Italian is often required, though an increasing number of courses are offered in English.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university provides a mix of historic and state-of-the-art facilities, including libraries, research laboratories, and cultural centres. Extracurricular activities include student organisations, cultural festivals, and sports, fostering a vibrant and inclusive campus life. Its location in Perugia, a city rich in history and culture, further enhances the student experience.

Pros

• Strong reputation in law, medicine, and political sciences
• Historic university with modernised facilities
• Offers programmes that align with the needs of the modern workplace

Cons

• Limited range of English-taught programmes
• Competitive admissions for popular fields

Contact Information

• Address: Piazza Università, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
• Phone: +39 075 5851
• Website: www.unipg.it

17. Sapienza University of Rome (1303)

Image Showing Sapienza University of Rome (1303)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Rome, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Medicine, Engineering, Humanities, Social Sciences, Political Sciences, and Sciences
• Established: 1303 CE
• Accreditations: Recognised as Europe’s largest university by enrolment and one of its oldest academic institutions

Sapienza University of Rome, founded in 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII, is one of the oldest universities in the world and the largest in Europe by student population. Known for its contributions to both religious and secular education, the university has played a vital role in shaping modern academia. Located in the heart of Rome, it continues to be a leading centre for higher education and scientific research.

Academic Performance

Sapienza excels across multiple disciplines, particularly medicine, engineering, and the social sciences. Its interdisciplinary approach and focus on education sciences have earned it a strong reputation among global academic institutions. With notable alumni including Nobel laureates and renowned political leaders, the university remains at the forefront of intellectual innovation. It consistently ranks among Italy’s top research universities and attracts a large number of international students.

Admissions

Admission to Sapienza is competitive, particularly for high-demand programmes like medicine and engineering. International applicants are welcomed and supported with resources such as language courses and academic guidance. While many programmes are taught in Italian, the university has expanded its English-taught offerings in recent years.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

Sapienza boasts a large urban campus with cutting-edge laboratories, libraries, and cultural centres. Students benefit from access to advanced research facilities and a wide range of extracurricular activities, including sports clubs, cultural organisations, and student associations. Its central location in Rome provides a rich cultural and historical backdrop to the academic experience.

Pros

• Europe’s largest university, offering a wide variety of programmes
• Strong reputation in medicine, engineering, and political sciences
• Located in Rome, a city with unparalleled cultural and historical significance

Cons

• Large student population can make access to resources competitive
• Proficiency in Italian is required for many courses

Contact Information

• Address: Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
• Phone: +39 06 49911
• Website: www.uniroma1.it

18. University of Florence (1321)

Image Showing University of Florence (1321)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Florence, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Humanities, Sciences, Architecture, Engineering, Social Sciences, and Political Sciences
• Established: 1321 CE
• Accreditations: Renowned for its role during the Renaissance and its contributions to modern academia

The University of Florence, established in 1321, is a prestigious academic institution deeply rooted in the cultural and intellectual history of the Renaissance. Located in one of the world’s most historically significant cities, the university has consistently excelled in humanities, sciences, and architecture, making it a hub for innovation and creativity. Its legacy as a centre for higher education continues to attract students globally.

Academic Performance

The University of Florence has built a reputation for excellence in disciplines such as architecture, engineering, and the liberal arts. Its contributions to scientific research and cultural heritage are globally recognised. The university’s notable alumni, including luminaries like Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, underscore its historical importance and ongoing influence in modern academia.

Admissions

Admission to the University of Florence is competitive, particularly for programmes in architecture, humanities, and social sciences. The university actively welcomes international students, offering a growing number of courses taught in English and support services for non-Italian speakers.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features a mix of historic buildings and modern facilities, including research laboratories, libraries, and cultural centres. Its location in Florence offers students unique access to museums, historical landmarks, and a vibrant arts scene. Extracurricular activities include student organisations, cultural festivals, and sports, fostering a dynamic and enriching campus environment.

Pros

• Strong reputation in architecture, humanities, and sciences
• Located in Florence, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with unparalleled cultural opportunities
• Historically significant as a hub of Renaissance learning

Cons

• Limited availability of English-taught programmes in certain disciplines
• Admissions for prestigious programmes can be highly competitive

Contact Information

• Address: Piazza San Marco, 4, 50121 Florence, Italy
• Phone: +39 055 27571
• Website: www.unifi.it

19. University of Pisa (1343)

Image Showing University of Pisa (1343)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Pisa, Italy
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, Law, Political Sciences, and Humanities
• Established: 1343 CE
• Accreditations: Renowned for its excellence in scientific research and historical contributions to higher education

The University of Pisa, established in 1343, is one of Italy’s oldest and most prestigious academic institutions. Known for its pioneering contributions to scientific research and mathematics, the university has played a critical role in advancing modern academia. Located in Pisa, a city famous for its Leaning Tower, the university continues to uphold its reputation as a centre of innovation and academic excellence.

Academic Performance

The University of Pisa is celebrated for its outstanding performance in sciences, engineering, and medicine, along with its rich tradition in humanities and law. It is particularly renowned for its contributions to mathematics, thanks to notable alumni like Galileo Galilei. The university remains at the forefront of scientific research, offering state-of-the-art facilities and interdisciplinary degree programmes that attract students and scholars from around the world. To excel in the demanding coursework at Pisa, many international students rely on support from IB tutors in Italy to navigate challenging academic expectations.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Pisa are competitive, particularly for its programmes in medicine, engineering, and sciences. The university actively supports international students, offering a variety of English-taught courses and dedicated resources to help with their integration into academic and cultural life.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university combines historic architecture with cutting-edge facilities, including research laboratories, libraries, and advanced technology centres. Students can also participate in a range of extracurricular activities, such as cultural clubs, student associations, and sports, fostering a holistic educational experience.

Pros

• Strong emphasis on scientific research and mathematics
• Rich academic tradition with a history of producing notable alumni
• Located in Pisa, offering both cultural and academic opportunities

Cons

• Highly competitive admissions process for prestigious programmes
• Italian proficiency is required for many courses, though English options are increasing

Contact Information

• Address: Lungarno Pacinotti, 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
• Phone: +39 050 2212111
• Website: www.unipi.it

20. University of Vienna (1365)

Image Showing University of Vienna (1365)

• Type: Public University
• Location: Vienna, Austria
• Gender: Co-educational
• Fees: Varies by programme and residency status
• Curriculum: Humanities, Law, Medicine, Sciences, Political Sciences, and Social Sciences
• Established: 1365 CE
• Accreditations: Oldest university in the German-speaking world

The University of Vienna, established in 1365, is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and one of Europe’s most prestigious academic institutions. Founded during the reign of the Habsburgs, it has been a cornerstone of intellectual and cultural life in Vienna for centuries. Renowned for its contributions to modern academia, the university continues to attract scholars from around the globe.

Academic Performance

The University of Vienna excels across a wide range of disciplines, particularly in humanities, law, and sciences. It is a leading institution in social sciences and political sciences, consistently ranked among the top universities in Europe for research output. Its rich academic history includes notable alumni such as Sigmund Freud, Erwin Schrödinger, and numerous Nobel laureates, highlighting its enduring impact on global intellectual progress. International students often benefit from guidance provided by IB tutors in Austria, who help them excel in their studies and adapt to the university's rigorous academic standards.

Admissions

Admissions to the University of Vienna are highly competitive, particularly for popular programmes in law, medicine, and social sciences. The university actively encourages applications from international students, offering a variety of English-taught programmes and extensive resources to facilitate a smooth transition into academic life.

Facilities and Extra-Curricular Activities

The university features a mix of historic buildings and modern research facilities, including libraries, laboratories, and cultural centres. Students can engage in a diverse range of extracurricular activities, including student organisations, sports, and cultural events. Situated in Vienna, the university provides unparalleled access to the city’s vibrant cultural and academic scene.

Pros

• Oldest university in the German-speaking world, with a prestigious reputation
• Strong focus on research in humanities, sciences, and social sciences
• Located in Vienna, a global cultural and intellectual hub

Cons

• Admissions for certain programmes can be highly competitive
• Some programmes require proficiency in German

Contact Information

• Address: Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
• Phone: +43 1 4277 0
• Website: www.univie.ac.at

Common Characteristics of Ancient Universities

The oldest universities in the world share several defining traits that have enabled them to thrive for centuries, adapting to evolving educational landscapes while preserving their rich heritage. These institutions have been pivotal in shaping modern academia, contributing to knowledge across disciplines, and inspiring future generations of scholars.

• Historical Legacy

Ancient universities such as the University of Bologna and the University of Oxford are steeped in history, often originating in the Middle Ages. These institutions were pioneers in higher education, offering the first degree courses and establishing traditions that are still followed by many modern universities today.

• Focus on Interdisciplinary Learning

From their inception, these universities have offered programmes that integrate social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. Institutions like the University of Montpellier led early research in medicine and sciences, while others like the University of Salamanca influenced canon law and theology during the Renaissance.

• Cultural and Architectural Significance

Many of these institutions are located in historically significant cities and feature campuses that are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Universities such as Coimbra and Salamanca boast architectural marvels that reflect the artistic and intellectual ideals of their times, providing students with a unique learning environment.

• Notable Alumni

The world’s oldest universities have produced famous alumni who have significantly impacted global culture, politics, and science. From Galileo Galilei at the University of Pisa to Stephen Hawking at Cambridge University, these institutions have nurtured the brightest minds across centuries.

• Commitment to Research

Institutions like the University of Vienna and Al-Azhar University have maintained a strong emphasis on scientific research and social sciences, contributing to global knowledge across disciplines. This commitment to research has kept these universities relevant and competitive in the modern workplace.

• Adaptability and Modernisation

Despite their historical origins, these universities have continuously evolved to meet contemporary educational needs. They have introduced secular courses, embraced internationalisation, and expanded their programmes to attract international students. For example, the University of Paris’s successor institutions now offer courses in English to cater to a global audience.

• Global Influence

Many ancient universities were among the first to establish standards in academic disciplines, degree structures, and educational institutions worldwide. Their influence shaped the formation of other universities in the world, inspiring the establishment of similar institutions like Harvard University in the English-speaking world.

Why Study at These Universities?

When it comes to selecting the right university for yourself, these institutions provide a unique blend of history, academic excellence, and global recognition. These institutions not only provide high-quality education but also immerse students in centuries-old traditions that continue to shape modern academia.

Global Recognition

Universities like Oxford, Bologna, and Paris are internationally renowned for their contributions to higher education and scientific research. Their global reputation ensures that degrees earned at these institutions are highly respected by employers, offering graduates a competitive edge in the modern workplace. These universities consistently rank among the top academic institutions in the world, attracting international students and fostering a diverse learning environment.

Rich Academic Heritage

As centres of learning during the Middle Ages, these universities played a crucial role in advancing disciplines like law, theology, and the social sciences. Institutions such as the University of Salamanca and the University of Coimbra are deeply connected to cultural and intellectual movements, offering students a chance to engage with their cultural heritage while pursuing degree courses in cutting-edge fields.

Prestigious Alumni Networks

These universities have produced some of the most influential thinkers, scientists, and leaders in history. From famous alumni like Galileo Galilei, Sigmund Freud, and Stephen Hawking to Nobel laureates and political leaders, their alumni networks provide unparalleled opportunities for mentorship, professional growth, and collaboration. Being part of such a distinguished legacy opens doors to elite academic and career opportunities worldwide.

Conclusion

The world’s oldest universities stand as enduring symbols of the power of knowledge and the transformative role of education. With legacies rooted in the Middle Ages, these institutions have shaped the evolution of modern academia, adapting to societal changes while maintaining their commitment to excellence. From their groundbreaking contributions to scientific research and social sciences to their ability to produce famous alumni who have influenced the world, these universities represent the pinnacle of academic achievement.

For prospective students, these universities offer more than just an education—they provide access to a rich academic heritage, a global network of prestigious alumni, and the opportunity to study in culturally and historically significant environments. Whether at Oxford University, the University of Bologna, or Al-Azhar University, students can immerse themselves in traditions that have defined the course of higher education while preparing to excel in the modern workplace.