How do particle interactions differ in each state of matter?

Particle interactions vary in each state of matter, with the strongest in solids and the weakest in gases.

In solids, particles are closely packed together and vibrate about fixed positions. They have strong intermolecular forces holding them together, which gives solids a definite shape and volume. The particles do not have much freedom to move around, hence the rigidity of solids. The kinetic energy of the particles is relatively low because they can only vibrate in place, not move freely. This strong interaction between particles is what makes solids resistant to changes in shape or volume.

In liquids, the particles are less tightly packed than in solids and can move around each other, although they are still closely associated. The intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker than in solids but stronger than in gases. This allows liquids to flow and take the shape of their container, but they still maintain a constant volume. The kinetic energy of the particles in a liquid is higher than in a solid, which allows for the increased movement.

In gases, the particles are far apart and move freely in all directions. The intermolecular forces in gases are very weak or almost non-existent, which allows gases to expand and fill their container, regardless of its size or shape. The kinetic energy of gas particles is the highest among the three states of matter, which is why gas particles move rapidly and randomly. This weak interaction between particles is what allows gases to be easily compressed or expanded.

In summary, the state of matter is determined by the strength of the interactions between its particles. These interactions, in turn, determine the properties of the matter, such as its shape, volume, and compressibility.