What are the by-products of incomplete combustion of alkanes?

The by-products of incomplete combustion of alkanes are carbon monoxide, carbon (soot), and water.

When alkanes undergo incomplete combustion, the products formed are different from those of complete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen present for the alkane to fully react. This results in the formation of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon (C), and water (H2O).

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas that is very poisonous. It binds with haemoglobin in the blood, preventing it from carrying oxygen around the body. This can lead to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and in severe cases, death.

Carbon, or soot, is a black substance that can be seen as smoke when a substance is burned without enough oxygen. It can cause respiratory problems if inhaled and is a major contributor to air pollution.

Water is also a by-product of incomplete combustion, but unlike carbon monoxide and carbon, it is not harmful.

In contrast, the products of complete combustion of alkanes are carbon dioxide and water. This occurs when there is plenty of oxygen present. Carbon dioxide, while not directly harmful like carbon monoxide, contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming.

In summary, the by-products of incomplete combustion of alkanes are carbon monoxide, carbon, and water. These products can have harmful effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, it is important to ensure that combustion reactions have a sufficient supply of oxygen to minimise these risks.