What are common methods to measure the position of equilibrium?

Common methods to measure the position of equilibrium include titration, colorimetry, and measuring changes in mass or volume.

Titration is a common method used to measure the position of equilibrium in a chemical reaction. This involves adding a solution of known concentration (the titrant) to a solution of unknown concentration (the analyte) until the reaction between the two is complete. The point at which this occurs is known as the equivalence point, and it can be detected using an indicator, which changes colour at this point. By knowing the volume of titrant used, the concentration of the analyte can be calculated, which in turn allows the position of equilibrium to be determined.

Colorimetry is another method that can be used to measure the position of equilibrium. This involves measuring the intensity of colour of a solution, which is related to the concentration of a coloured substance in the solution. A colorimeter is used to measure the amount of light absorbed by the solution at a particular wavelength, and this can be used to calculate the concentration of the coloured substance. If the coloured substance is a product or reactant in the reaction, this allows the position of equilibrium to be determined.

Finally, changes in mass or volume can also be used to measure the position of equilibrium. For example, if a gas is produced or consumed in a reaction, the change in volume of the gas can be measured. Similarly, if a solid is produced or consumed, the change in mass can be measured. These changes can be used to calculate the amount of reactant used or product formed, which in turn allows the position of equilibrium to be determined.