How does the 'sea of electrons' model explain metallic bonding?

The 'sea of electrons' model explains metallic bonding as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.

In more detail, the 'sea of electrons' model, also known as the 'electron cloud model', is a way of visualising the structure of a metal. In this model, the metal is seen as a three-dimensional lattice of positive ions, which are the metal atoms that have lost their outermost electrons. These lost electrons become delocalised, meaning they are not associated with any particular ion, but move freely throughout the lattice. This forms a 'sea' of negatively charged electrons surrounding the positive ions.

This model helps to explain the properties of metals. The delocalised electrons allow metals to conduct electricity and heat, as these electrons can move and carry energy through the lattice. The strong electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised electrons also gives metals their strength and malleability. When a force is applied to a metal, the ions can slide over each other while the 'sea of electrons' maintains the bond between them, allowing the metal to change shape without breaking.

The 'sea of electrons' model is a simplified way of understanding metallic bonding. It is important to remember that the actual structure of a metal is more complex, with the arrangement of ions and electrons varying between different types of metals. However, this model provides a useful starting point for understanding the unique properties of metals and how they are linked to their structure.