How do protons, neutrons, and electrons differ?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons differ in their charge, mass, and location within an atom.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three main subatomic particles that make up an atom. Each of these particles has unique characteristics that distinguish them from each other.

Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a relative mass of 1 and their presence determines the atomic number of an element. For example, hydrogen has one proton, so its atomic number is 1. The number of protons in an atom also identifies the element. For instance, all atoms with 6 protons are carbon atoms.

Neutrons, like protons, are located in the nucleus of an atom. However, they carry no charge, hence they are neutral. They also have a relative mass of 1. Neutrons contribute to the mass of the atom but do not affect the atomic number. The number of neutrons can vary among atoms of the same element, leading to the formation of isotopes.

Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy levels, also known as shells. They have a relative mass of approximately 1/2000, which is almost negligible compared to protons and neutrons. The number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of protons. Electrons play a crucial role in chemical reactions as they are involved in the formation of chemical bonds.

In summary, protons, neutrons, and electrons are distinct in their charge, mass, and location within an atom. Protons carry a positive charge and determine the atomic number, neutrons are neutral and contribute to the atomic mass, while electrons carry a negative charge and are involved in chemical bonding.