What is the difference between a mutation and a genetic variation?

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence, while genetic variation refers to the diversity in gene frequencies.

A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. This can occur in a variety of ways, such as through errors during DNA replication or due to the effects of environmental factors like radiation. Mutations can lead to changes in the structure or function of the proteins that genes code for, which can have significant effects on an organism's traits. However, not all mutations are harmful; some can be beneficial or have no effect at all.

On the other hand, genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or populations. It is the basis for natural selection and evolution, as it provides the genetic diversity necessary for a population to adapt to its environment. Genetic variation can occur through several mechanisms, including mutation, gene flow (the transfer of genes from one population to another), and sexual reproduction, which combines the genes of two parents to produce offspring with a unique combination of traits.

In summary, while both mutation and genetic variation involve changes in DNA, they differ in their causes and effects. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence itself, which can alter the traits of an individual organism. Genetic variation, meanwhile, refers to the diversity in gene frequencies within a population, which is crucial for evolution and adaptation.