What are genetically modified bacteria and their uses?

Genetically modified bacteria are bacteria that have been altered using genetic engineering techniques for various applications.

Genetically modified (GM) bacteria are created by inserting new genetic material into a bacterium's DNA, altering its characteristics or functions. This process is known as genetic engineering and it allows scientists to manipulate the genetic makeup of bacteria to serve specific purposes.

One of the main uses of GM bacteria is in the production of insulin. Previously, insulin used to treat diabetes was extracted from the pancreases of pigs and cows, a process that was both expensive and inefficient. However, scientists have now managed to insert the human gene responsible for insulin production into the DNA of E. coli bacteria. These bacteria can then produce human insulin, which is harvested and used to treat diabetes. This method is not only more efficient but also reduces the risk of allergic reactions in patients.

GM bacteria are also used in the field of environmental biotechnology. For example, bacteria can be genetically modified to consume oil spills, helping to clean up the environment. They can also be engineered to absorb heavy metals from contaminated water, aiding in the process of water purification.

In agriculture, GM bacteria are used to increase crop yields and resistance to pests. For example, bacteria can be modified to produce a natural insecticide, which can then be used to protect crops from pests. This reduces the need for chemical pesticides, which can have harmful effects on the environment.

In the field of research, GM bacteria are used as a tool to understand the function of genes. By altering a gene in a bacterium and observing the changes in its behaviour or characteristics, scientists can gain insights into how that gene functions in other organisms, including humans.

In conclusion, genetically modified bacteria have a wide range of applications, from medicine and environmental biotechnology to agriculture and research. Their use has revolutionised many fields, making processes more efficient and environmentally friendly.