What are examples of specialised cells and their functions?

Specialised cells include red blood cells for oxygen transport, neurons for signal transmission, and sperm cells for fertilisation.

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are specialised for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. They have a unique biconcave shape which increases their surface area, allowing for more efficient gas exchange. Additionally, they lack a nucleus and other organelles, providing more space for haemoglobin, the protein that binds to oxygen. This specialisation allows red blood cells to fulfil their role in respiration, delivering the oxygen necessary for cellular processes.

Neurons, or nerve cells, are specialised for the transmission of electrical signals throughout the body. They have a long, slender projection called an axon, which carries these signals over long distances. At the end of the axon, there are small branches called dendrites that receive signals from other neurons. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles. The unique structure of neurons allows them to rapidly transmit signals, coordinating the body's responses to various stimuli.

Sperm cells are specialised for fertilisation, the process of combining genetic material to create a new organism. They are small and streamlined, with a long tail for movement. The head contains a nucleus with half the genetic material needed for a new organism, and an acrosome containing enzymes to penetrate the egg. The midsection contains mitochondria to provide energy for movement. This specialisation allows sperm cells to travel through the female reproductive system, reach the egg, and initiate the process of fertilisation.

In conclusion, specialised cells have unique structures and features that allow them to perform specific functions. These adaptations are crucial for the survival and functioning of the organism as a whole.