How is the process of genetic modification carried out?

Genetic modification is carried out through a process called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering.

Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation of an organism's DNA to achieve desired traits. The process begins with the identification of the gene of interest, the gene that codes for the desired trait. This gene is then isolated from the DNA of the organism where it naturally occurs. This is often done using enzymes called restriction enzymes, which can cut DNA at specific sequences.

Once the gene of interest is isolated, it is then inserted into a vector. A vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Plasmids, small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria, are often used as vectors. The gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid using the same restriction enzymes and then sealed with another enzyme called DNA ligase.

The plasmid, now carrying the gene of interest, is then introduced into the organism that is to be genetically modified. This is often done using a process called transformation, where the plasmid is mixed with the cells of the organism, and then exposed to heat or electric shock to encourage the cells to take up the plasmid.

Once inside the cell, the plasmid and the gene it carries can replicate along with the cell's own DNA. This means that every time the cell divides, the new cells will also carry the gene of interest. This allows the desired trait to be expressed in the organism.

In summary, genetic modification involves the identification and isolation of a desired gene, its insertion into a vector, and the introduction of this vector into an organism. The process allows for the expression of desired traits in the organism, and is a key tool in modern biotechnology.