How does seed dispersal occur in plants?

Seed dispersal in plants occurs through various methods such as wind, water, animals, explosion, and human activity.

Seed dispersal is a crucial process in the life cycle of a plant. It is the mechanism by which seeds are spread or transported away from the parent plant to ensure the continuation of the species. This process reduces competition between the parent plant and the new seedlings, and also allows plants to colonise new areas.

Wind dispersal, also known as anemochory, is a common method of seed dispersal. Plants that use this method usually produce light and small seeds that can be carried by the wind over long distances. Examples include dandelions and poppies. Some seeds are designed with wings or other structures that allow them to glide or be carried by the wind.

Water dispersal, or hydrochory, is used by plants that grow near water bodies. Their seeds are often buoyant and are carried away by water currents. Coconut is a classic example of a plant that uses water for seed dispersal.

Animal dispersal, or zoochory, involves seeds being transported by animals. This can occur in several ways. Some seeds have hooks or sticky structures that attach to the fur or feathers of animals and are carried to new locations. Others are eaten by animals and later excreted, often at a considerable distance from the parent plant. Berries and fruits are often dispersed in this way.

Explosive dispersal, or autochory, is a method where the plant's fruit or seed pod bursts open, often due to the drying out of the tissues, and the seeds are ejected. This can send seeds flying several metres away from the parent plant.

Lastly, human activity also plays a significant role in seed dispersal. Agricultural practices, gardening, and even the simple act of walking can transport seeds to new locations. This is often unintentional and can sometimes lead to the spread of invasive species.