Can you explain the process of cell division in detail?

Cell division is a biological process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Cell division is a fundamental process in biology, allowing organisms to grow, repair damage, and reproduce. It occurs in a series of stages known as the cell cycle, which includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. This phase is further divided into three stages: G1 (first gap), S (synthesis), and G2 (second gap). During the G1 phase, the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is replicated, and in the G2 phase, the cell prepares for division.

Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell's nucleus, including its duplicated DNA, divides. It consists of five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In prometaphase, the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibres. Metaphase sees the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell. Finally, during telophase, a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm of the cell divides, resulting in two separate cells. In animal cells, this is achieved through a process called cleavage, where the cell membrane pinches inwards until the cell is split in two. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the middle of the cell and gradually develops into a cell wall, dividing the cell into two.

In summary, cell division is a complex process involving several stages, each with its own specific events and functions. It is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms.