What strategies do states use to manage border conflicts?

States manage border conflicts through diplomatic negotiations, international arbitration, military force, or third-party mediation.

Diplomatic negotiations are often the first step in managing border conflicts. States engage in dialogue to resolve their differences, often through bilateral talks. These negotiations can be formal or informal, and they often involve high-level officials from both states. The goal is to reach a mutually acceptable solution that respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of both parties. Diplomatic negotiations can be a lengthy process, but they are often the most effective way to resolve border disputes without resorting to violence.

International arbitration is another strategy used by states to manage border conflicts. This involves referring the dispute to an international court or tribunal, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ), for a binding decision. The ICJ has adjudicated numerous border disputes, including those between Burkina Faso and Mali, and between Nicaragua and Colombia. The advantage of international arbitration is that it provides a legal resolution to the dispute, based on international law and principles of justice. However, the effectiveness of this strategy depends on the willingness of the states to accept and implement the court's decision.

Military force is a more aggressive strategy used by states to manage border conflicts. This can involve deploying troops to the disputed area, conducting military exercises, or even engaging in armed conflict. The use of military force is generally seen as a last resort, due to the potential for escalation and the human and economic costs of war. However, some states may resort to this strategy if they believe their territorial integrity or national security is at risk.

Finally, third-party mediation is a strategy where an impartial third party, such as another state or an international organisation like the United Nations, intervenes to facilitate dialogue and negotiation between the conflicting states. The mediator does not impose a solution, but helps the parties to find a mutually acceptable resolution. This strategy can be effective in situations where direct negotiations have failed or where there is a power imbalance between the states. However, the success of third-party mediation depends on the willingness of the states to engage in the process and to compromise on their positions.