What are the key principles of modernisation theory in development?

Modernisation theory in development is based on the principles of economic growth, technological advancement, and social change leading to societal progress.

Modernisation theory, which emerged in the mid-20th century, is a model of economic and social development that explains how societies transition from traditional or underdeveloped institutions to modern societies. It is based on several key principles.

Firstly, modernisation theory posits that economic growth is a fundamental driver of societal progress. It suggests that as countries industrialise and increase their economic productivity, they will experience improvements in standards of living, education, health and overall societal wellbeing. This is often associated with a shift from agrarian-based economies to industrial or service-based economies.

Secondly, technological advancement is seen as a crucial component of modernisation. The theory argues that the adoption and diffusion of modern technologies can spur economic growth, improve efficiency and productivity, and lead to societal advancements. This includes not only physical technologies, but also organisational and institutional technologies that can improve the functioning of societies.

Thirdly, modernisation theory emphasises the role of social change in development. It suggests that as societies modernise, they undergo significant social transformations, including changes in social structures, attitudes, values, and behaviours. This can include shifts towards more democratic governance structures, changes in gender and social roles, and the adoption of more 'rational' or 'scientific' worldviews.

Moreover, modernisation theory often assumes a certain degree of Westernisation or convergence with Western societies. It suggests that as societies modernise, they will tend to become more like Western societies in terms of their economic structures, technologies, and social institutions. This has been a point of criticism for the theory, with critics arguing that it is ethnocentric and does not adequately account for cultural diversity or alternative paths to development.

Finally, modernisation theory is often associated with a linear view of development. It suggests that all societies follow a similar path of development, from 'traditional' to 'modern', and that this process is inevitable and desirable. This too has been a point of contention, with critics arguing that development is not necessarily linear or uniform, and that different societies may follow different paths to development.