What are the key features of modern state sovereignty?

Modern state sovereignty is characterised by territorial integrity, political independence, legal equality, and non-interference in internal affairs.

Territorial integrity is a fundamental aspect of modern state sovereignty. It refers to the principle that states have exclusive rights and control over their own territory, including the land, airspace, and maritime boundaries. This means that no other state can claim rights over or interfere with another state's territory without its consent. This principle is enshrined in international law, particularly in the United Nations Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

Political independence is another key feature of state sovereignty. It means that states have the right to govern themselves without external interference. They can choose their own political, economic, social, and cultural systems, and make decisions on domestic and foreign policies. This principle is also protected by international law, which recognises the sovereign equality of all states.

Legal equality is closely related to political independence. It refers to the principle that all states, regardless of their size, wealth, or power, are equal under international law. They have the same rights and duties, and are equally entitled to participate in international organisations and negotiations. This principle is crucial for maintaining international order and justice, as it prevents powerful states from dominating or exploiting weaker ones.

Non-interference in internal affairs is the last key feature of state sovereignty. It means that states should not interfere in the domestic affairs of other states, whether directly or indirectly. This principle is based on the respect for the sovereignty and independence of states, and is often invoked in debates on human rights, democracy, and humanitarian intervention. However, it is also a contentious principle, as it can be used to justify state repression and impunity.

In conclusion, modern state sovereignty is a complex and multifaceted concept, which involves a delicate balance between the rights and duties of states, and the need for international cooperation and solidarity. It is a cornerstone of international relations, and a key factor in global politics.