How has Westphalian sovereignty shaped modern state systems?

Westphalian sovereignty has shaped modern state systems by establishing the principles of territorial integrity and non-interference.

The Peace of Westphalia treaties in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, introduced the concept of Westphalian sovereignty. This concept has been instrumental in shaping the modern state system, primarily through the principles of territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. These principles have become the bedrock of international law and the international order, defining the rights and responsibilities of states.

Territorial integrity refers to the inviolability of a state's borders. Under Westphalian sovereignty, states are recognised as having exclusive authority within their territorial boundaries. This principle has shaped the modern state system by establishing clear boundaries of authority and responsibility. It has also contributed to the stability of the international system by discouraging external aggression and annexation. However, it has also been criticised for protecting states that violate human rights or engage in other forms of misconduct within their borders.

Non-interference in the internal affairs of states is another key principle of Westphalian sovereignty. This principle asserts that states should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states. This has shaped the modern state system by promoting respect for state sovereignty and discouraging interventionism. However, it has also been challenged by concepts such as the 'responsibility to protect', which argues that the international community has a duty to intervene in cases of mass atrocities.

Westphalian sovereignty has also influenced the structure of international organisations. For example, the United Nations, the World Trade Organisation, and other international bodies are based on the principle of state sovereignty. These organisations recognise states as the primary actors in international relations and provide a platform for states to cooperate on issues of mutual interest.

In conclusion, Westphalian sovereignty has had a profound impact on the modern state system. It has defined the rights and responsibilities of states, shaped the norms of international behaviour, and influenced the structure of international organisations. However, it has also been challenged by new concepts and realities, reflecting the dynamic nature of international relations.