How has the definition of development evolved over the last century?

The definition of development has evolved from purely economic growth to encompass social, political, and environmental aspects.

In the early 20th century, development was primarily understood in economic terms. It was synonymous with industrialisation and economic growth, measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The focus was on the transformation of 'underdeveloped' countries into 'developed' ones, following the model of Western industrialised nations. This perspective, known as the Modernisation Theory, assumed that all societies would eventually follow the same path towards progress and prosperity.

However, by the mid-20th century, this definition began to be challenged. The Dependency Theory emerged, arguing that the economic growth of developed countries often came at the expense of underdeveloped ones, creating a cycle of dependency and underdevelopment. This led to a shift in understanding development as not just economic growth, but also social justice and equality.

In the late 20th century, the definition of development expanded further to include political aspects. The concept of 'good governance' became central to development discourse, with emphasis on democratic institutions, rule of law, and human rights. This was a response to the recognition that political structures and processes play a crucial role in determining a country's development trajectory.

In recent years, the definition of development has evolved to incorporate environmental sustainability. The concept of 'sustainable development' emerged, recognising that economic growth should not come at the expense of the environment. This reflects a growing awareness of the interdependence between economic, social, and environmental factors in development.

Furthermore, the definition of development has become more people-centred. The Human Development Index (HDI), introduced by the United Nations in 1990, measures development not just by economic indicators, but also by life expectancy, education, and standard of living. This reflects a shift towards understanding development as a process that enhances the capabilities and freedoms of individuals, rather than just increasing national wealth.

In conclusion, the definition of development has evolved significantly over the last century. It has moved from a narrow focus on economic growth to a broader understanding that encompasses social, political, and environmental dimensions, as well as individual well-being.