How does identity play into the causes of civil wars?

Identity plays a significant role in the causes of civil wars, often fuelling divisions and conflicts within a society.

Identity, in the context of civil wars, refers to the collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a person or a group is definitively recognisable or known. These characteristics can be based on ethnicity, religion, race, social class, or political affiliation. When these identities are politicised, they can become a source of division and conflict within a society, potentially leading to civil war.

One way identity can lead to civil war is through the creation of 'in-groups' and 'out-groups'. This is a process where certain identities are privileged over others, leading to social, economic, and political inequalities. These inequalities can breed resentment and hostility, which can escalate into violent conflict if not addressed. For instance, the civil war in Rwanda was largely fuelled by ethnic identities, where the Hutus, who felt marginalised by the Tutsi-dominated government, initiated a genocide against the Tutsis.

Another way identity can contribute to civil war is through the manipulation of identities by political elites. Leaders can exploit identity differences to mobilise support and consolidate power, often by creating a sense of fear or threat from other identity groups. This can lead to a cycle of violence and retaliation, potentially escalating into a civil war. The Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, for example, were largely driven by nationalist leaders who exploited ethnic and religious differences to gain power.

Identity can also play a role in the continuation and resolution of civil wars. In many cases, identity groups are not willing to compromise or negotiate with each other due to deep-seated hatred or fear. This can prolong the conflict and make it more difficult to achieve a peaceful resolution. On the other hand, recognising and respecting different identities can be a crucial part of peacebuilding and reconciliation efforts.

In conclusion, identity is a complex and multifaceted factor in the causes of civil wars. It can both drive and exacerbate conflicts, but it can also be a key part of their resolution. Understanding the role of identity in civil wars is therefore crucial for both preventing and resolving these conflicts.