How do countries justify their territorial claims in Antarctica?

Countries justify their territorial claims in Antarctica based on historical discovery, geographical proximity, and scientific research activities.

Countries have used various arguments to justify their territorial claims in Antarctica. One of the most common is historical discovery. This is based on the principle of 'terra nullius', which means 'land belonging to no one'. Countries like the UK, France, and Norway have claimed parts of Antarctica on the basis that they were the first to discover and explore those areas. For instance, the UK bases its claim on the discoveries made by British explorers in the early 19th century.

Geographical proximity is another argument used by some countries. Argentina and Chile, for example, have claimed parts of Antarctica that are closest to their mainland. They argue that these areas are natural extensions of their territories. This is based on the principle of 'sector theory', which suggests that a country has a right to the territory that lies within its longitudinal sector. However, this principle is not universally accepted and has been challenged by other countries.

Scientific research activities have also been used to justify territorial claims. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959, which currently governs international relations in Antarctica, prohibits military activity and mineral mining, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Countries like Australia and New Zealand have established research stations in Antarctica and have used their scientific contributions as a basis for their territorial claims. They argue that their ongoing research activities demonstrate their commitment to the preservation and understanding of the continent.

However, it's important to note that these claims are not universally recognised. The Antarctic Treaty, signed by 54 countries, freezes all territorial claims and prohibits any new ones. It also prohibits any military activity, mineral mining, nuclear testing, and nuclear waste disposal. The treaty is based on the principle of peaceful cooperation in the interest of all mankind. Therefore, while countries may justify their claims based on historical discovery, geographical proximity, or scientific research, these claims are not legally binding under international law.