Why is it easier to push an object than to pull it on a flat surface?

It's easier to push an object than to pull it due to the effective use of force and friction.

When you push an object, you are applying force in the direction of motion. This force is more effectively used to move the object because it is directly aligned with the direction you want the object to go. In contrast, when you pull an object, the force you apply is not completely in the direction of motion. Some of the force is used to lift the object slightly, which is not useful in moving the object forward. This makes pulling less efficient than pushing.

Moreover, the friction between the object and the surface also plays a significant role. Friction is a force that opposes motion. When you push an object, the frictional force between the object and the surface helps to stabilise the object, making it easier to move. Understanding the relationship between force and motion can further elucidate the nuances of this interaction. However, when you pull an object, the frictional force can cause the object to tip or become unstable, making it harder to move.

The concept of normal force is also important here. The normal force is the force exerted by a surface that supports the weight of an object resting on it. It acts perpendicular to the surface. When you push an object, you're also applying a downward force which increases the normal force and hence the friction. This can be beneficial as it prevents the object from sliding or slipping. On the other hand, when you pull an object, you're applying an upward force which decreases the normal force and hence the friction, making it more likely for the object to slide or slip. This concept ties closely to Newton’s First Law, which explains how and why objects move (or don't move) under various forces.

To understand the work done when pushing an object versus pulling it, exploring the definition of work in physics can provide additional insight into energy transfer during these actions.

IB Physics Tutor Summary: Pushing an object on a flat surface is often easier than pulling it because when you push, your force directly helps move the object forward. Additionally, pushing increases the friction by pressing the object into the surface, which helps keep it stable. Pulling, however, can reduce friction and make the object more prone to slipping, making it harder to move.