How do nuclear reactors produce energy?

Nuclear reactors produce energy through a process called nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller parts.

Nuclear fission is the process that powers a nuclear reactor. It involves the splitting of the nucleus of an atom, usually uranium or plutonium, into two smaller parts. This process releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat. The heat is then used to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to an electricity generator, thus producing electrical energy.

The process begins with the introduction of a neutron into the nucleus of a uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atom. This causes the nucleus to become unstable and split into two smaller nuclei, along with a few spare neutrons and a large amount of energy. The spare neutrons then go on to cause further fissions, creating a chain reaction. This chain reaction is carefully controlled in a nuclear reactor to ensure a steady rate of energy production.

The heat generated by the fission process is transferred to a coolant, usually water, which is circulated around the reactor core. The heated water is then used to produce steam. This steam drives a turbine, which is connected to an electricity generator. The generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy, which can then be distributed to the power grid.

The control of the chain reaction is crucial for the safe operation of a nuclear reactor. This is achieved through the use of control rods, which are made of materials that absorb neutrons. By adjusting the position of these control rods, the number of neutrons available to cause further fissions can be controlled, thus controlling the rate of the chain reaction.

In summary, nuclear reactors produce energy by utilising the process of nuclear fission. The energy released from the splitting of atomic nuclei is harnessed to produce steam, which drives a turbine and generates electricity. The process is carefully controlled to ensure a steady and safe rate of energy production.