How do nuclear power plants harness radioactive decay?

Nuclear power plants harness radioactive decay by using the heat it generates to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity.

In more detail, nuclear power plants operate on the principle of nuclear fission, a process where the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, is split into two or more smaller nuclei along with a few neutrons. This process releases a significant amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation. The heat is the primary source of energy that is harnessed in a nuclear power plant.

The core of a nuclear reactor contains fuel rods, which are filled with small pellets of uranium or plutonium. When a neutron strikes the nucleus of one of these atoms, it causes the nucleus to split, releasing more neutrons and a large amount of heat. These newly released neutrons can then strike other atoms, causing them to also split and release more heat. This creates a chain reaction, which is carefully controlled to prevent it from escalating into a nuclear explosion.

The heat generated by this chain reaction is used to heat water, turning it into steam. This steam is then used to drive a turbine, which is connected to a generator. As the turbine spins, it turns the generator, producing electricity.

The radioactive decay also produces radiation, which is harmful to living organisms. Therefore, the reactor core is surrounded by a thick concrete and steel shield to absorb this radiation and prevent it from escaping into the environment. The spent fuel rods, which are still highly radioactive, are also carefully stored and managed to minimise the risk of radiation exposure.

In summary, nuclear power plants harness radioactive decay by using the heat generated from a controlled chain reaction of nuclear fission to produce steam, which drives a turbine to generate electricity. The process is carefully managed to control the chain reaction and to contain the harmful radiation produced.